Jump to content

Slavery in africa

Tsɔ kadodowo kpe
Tso Wikipedia

Kluvinyenye bɔ ɖe Afrika le ŋutinya me. Kluvinyenye kple kluvinyenye ƒe ɖoɖowo bɔ ɖe Afrika ƒe akpa aɖewo tsã, abe alesi wònɔ le blema kple titinaɣeyiɣiwo me xexeame ƒe akpa mamlɛa ƒe akpa gãtɔ ene[1].Esi kluvisitsatsa le Sahara-dukɔwo dzi, kluvisitsatsa le Ƒudzĩa dzi, kluvisitsatsa le India-ƒua dzi kple kluvisitsatsa le Atlantik-ƒua dzi (si dze egɔme le ƒe alafa 16 lia me) dze egɔme la, Afrika-kluviwo ƒe ɖoɖo siwo nɔ nutoa me do ŋgɔ dometɔ geɖe te aboyomewo nana kluviwo ƒe asiwo le Afrika godo.[2][3].Kluvinyenye le egbegbe Afrika gakpɔtɔ li le nuto aɖewo me togbɔ be womele se nu o hã.

Le agbalẽ siwo ku ɖe nya sia ŋu me la, woma Afrikatɔwo ƒe kluvinyenye ɖe hatsotsowo me ɖe kluvinyenye si wowɔna le afima kple kluvinyenye si wotsɔ ɖoa duta me, le nenye be wodzra kluviwo le anyigbagã la godo alo womedzra wo o nu.[4]Wowɔ kluvinyenye le ŋutinya me Afrika le mɔ vovovo geɖe nu:Fenyinyi ƒe kluvinyenye, aʋawɔla siwo woɖe aboyoe la wɔwɔ kluviwoe,asrafowo ƒe kluvinyenye, kluvinyenye na gbolowɔwɔ kple nuvlowɔlawo wɔwɔ kluviwoe katã nɔ Afrika ƒe akpa vovovowo.[5] Kluvinyenye si wowɔna le aƒeme kple fiasã me bɔ ɖe Afrika katã.Agbledeƒewo ƒe kluvinyenye hã dzɔ, vevietɔ le Afrika ƒe ɣedzeƒeƒuta kple Ɣetoɖoƒe Afrika ƒe akpa aɖewo.Aƒeme agbledelawo ƒe kluvinyenye ƒe vevienyenye dzi ɖe edzi le ƒe alafa 19 lia me.Le Atlantik-fua dzi kluvisitsatsa ɖeɖeɖa ta la, Afrika-dukɔ geɖe siwo nɔ te ɖe dukɔwo dome kluvisitsatsa dzi la gbugbɔ woƒe ganyawo trɔ ɖe asitsatsa si le se nu si me kluviwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ wɔ dɔ le ŋu.[6]

Nuŋlɔɖigbalẽviwo

[trɔ asi le eŋu | trɔ asi le etsoƒe ŋu]

Kluvinyenye kple kluvinyenye ƒomevi vovovowo nɔ anyi le Afrika ƒe ŋutinya katã me eye kluvinyenye ƒe nuwɔna siwo dzɔ le afima kpakple Romatɔwo ƒe kluvinyenye ƒe habɔbɔ (kple Kristotɔwo ƒe nukpɔsusu siwo va emegbe le kluvinyenye ŋu), Islamtɔwo ƒe kluvinyenye ƒe habɔbɔwo to Moslemtɔwo ƒe kluvisitsatsa dzi, kple mlɔeba Atlantik-ƒua dzi kluvisitsatsae ye trɔ asi le wo ŋu[7].Kluvinyenye nye Afrika-habɔbɔwo ƒe ganyawo ƒe ɖoɖo ƒe akpa aɖe ƒe alafa geɖe, togbɔ be alesi wòkeke tae to vovo hã.[8]Ibn Battuta, si va srã blema Fiaɖuƒe Mali kpɔ le ƒe alafa 14 lia ƒe domedome gblɔ be nutoa me tɔwo ʋli ho kple wo nɔewo le kluvi kple dɔla siwo le wo si ƒe xexlẽme me eye wona kluvi ŋutsuvi ye ŋutɔ abe “amedzrowɔwɔ ƒe nunana” ene.[9]Le Afrika ƒe anyiehe Sahara la, kluviwo dome ƒomedodowo sesẽna zi geɖe, eye womexɔa gomenɔamesi kple ablɔɖe na ame ɖekaɖeka siwo wode kluvii o eye woxea mɔ ɖe nudzadzra kple nuwɔwɔ ɖe wo ŋu nu le woƒe aƒetɔwo gbɔ.[10]Nuto geɖe me tɔwo ƒe ɖoɖowo nɔ kluvi ƒomevi vovovowo dome: le kpɔɖeŋu me, vovototodedeameme le amesiwo wodzi ɖe kluvinyenye me kple amesiwo wolé to aʋawɔwɔ me dome.[11]

Kluvinyenye ƒomevi siwo nɔ Afrika do ƒome kplikplikpli kple ƒomedodo ƒe ɖoɖowo. Le Afrika-nuto geɖe me, afisiwo womate ŋu axɔ anyigba le o la, wozãa ame ɖekaɖekawo wɔwɔ kluviwoe wònyea mɔnu si dzi woato adzi ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi si le ame dzi ɖe edzi eye woakeke kadodowo ɖe enu.[12] Esia na kluviwo va zu aƒetɔ ƒe dzidzime ƒe akpa si nɔa anyi ɖaa eye kluviwo ƒe viwo te ŋu va do ƒome kplikplikpli kple ƒomekadodo gãtɔwo.[13]Woate ŋu atsɔ kluvi siwo wodzi ɖe ƒomewo me ƒe viwo ade aƒetɔa ƒe ƒometɔwo ƒe ƒuƒoƒoa me eye woado ayi ɖoƒe veviwo le hadomegbenɔnɔ me, va ɖo amegã ƒe ɖoƒe gɔ̃ hã le go aɖewo me.[14]Gake zi geɖe la, ameŋugblẽnyawo nɔa anyi eye vovototo sesẽ ate ŋu anɔ kluvi siwo le ƒometɔwo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo aɖe me kple amesiwo do ƒome kple aƒetɔa dome[15]

Chattel kluvinyenye nye kluvinyenye ƒe ƒomedodo tɔxɛ aɖe si me wobua kluvia be enye etɔ ƒe nunɔamesi.Esi wòle alea ta la, aƒetɔa ate ŋu adzra kluvia, adzrae, alo awɔ nu ɖe eŋu faa abe alesi wòawɔ nu ɖe nunɔamesi bubuwo ŋu ene, eye zi geɖe la, woléa kluvia ƒe viwo ɖe asi abe aƒetɔa tɔ ene.[16]Kpeɖodziwo li be ɣeyiɣi didi aɖee nye sia be wowɔa kluvi le nunɔamesiwo me le Nil Tɔsisi ƒe bali me, si nye Sahel kple Dziehe Afrika ƒe akpa gãtɔ.Kpeɖodziwo mede blibo le alesi gbegbe nunɔamesiwo ƒe kluvinyenye keke tae kple nuwɔna siwo wowɔna le anyigbagã la ƒe akpa mamlɛa ƒe akpa gãtɔ do ŋgɔ na nuŋlɔɖi siwo Arab alo Europatɔ asitsalawo ŋlɔ o ŋu mede blibo o.[17]

Aƒeme subɔsubɔdɔwɔwɔ

[trɔ asi le eŋu | trɔ asi le etsoƒe ŋu]

Kluviwo dome ƒomedodo geɖe le Afrika ƒo xlã aƒeme kluvinyenye. Aƒetɔ la ƒe aƒeme koŋue kluviwo awɔ dɔ le gake ablɔɖe aɖewo anɔ wo si. Woate ŋu abu aƒemekluviwo be wonye aƒetɔa ƒe aƒemetɔwo eye womadzra wo na ame bubuwo susu si gbɔ eme manɔmee o. Kluviawo ate ŋu anye viɖe siwo wokpɔna tso woƒe dɔwɔwɔ me (eɖanye le anyigba alo nusiwo wowɔ me o) tɔ eye woate ŋu aɖe srɔ̃ atsɔ anyigbaa ana wo viwo le go geɖe me.[14][18]

Pawnship ƒe asixɔxɔ

[trɔ asi le eŋu | trɔ asi le etsoƒe ŋu]

Pawnship, alo fenyinyi ƒe kluvinyenye, bia be woazã amewo abe agbatsɔnu ene atsɔ akpɔ fe si woxe la ta. Fenyilaa alo fenyilaa ƒe ƒometɔ aɖe (zi geɖe la, ɖevi) ye wɔa kluvidɔ. Pawnship nye agbanɔamedzi ƒomevi aɖe si bɔ le Ɣetoɖoƒe Afrika. Elɔ ame aɖe alo ame ma ƒe ƒomea me tɔ aɖe ƒe adzɔgbeɖeɖe ɖe eme, be yeasubɔ ame bubu si ana kafukafu. Kluvinyenye do ƒome kple kluvinyenye, gake eto vovo tso esi le nukpɔsusu akpa gãtɔ me, elabena ɖoɖoa ate ŋu alɔ subɔsubɔ ƒe ɖoɖo tɔxɛ siwo seɖoƒe li na ɖe eme, eye elabena ƒometɔnyenye ƒe kadodowo akpɔ amea ta be woagadzrae wòazu kluvi o. Pawnship nye nuwɔna si bɔ le Ɣetoɖoƒe Afrika katã do ŋgɔ na Europatɔwo ƒe kadodo, eye le Akantɔwo, Ewetɔwo, Gatɔwo, Yorubatɔwo, kple Edotɔwo dome (le nɔnɔme siwo ŋu wotrɔ asi le nu la, enɔ anyi le Efiktɔwo, Igbotɔwo, Ijawtɔwo, kple Fontɔwo hã dome) .[19][20]

Asrafowo ƒe kluvinyenye

[trɔ asi le eŋu | trɔ asi le etsoƒe ŋu]

Asrafowo ƒe kluvinyenye bia be woaxɔ asrafoha siwo woxɔ ɖe asrafodɔ me siwo alé asrafo kluviwo ƒe dzedzeme ɖe asi le woƒe dɔwɔwɔ vɔ megbe gɔ̃ hã[21]Kluviwo ƒe asrafohawo anye Kluviwo ƒe ƒuƒoƒowo dzi kpɔla, amesi ate ŋu anye dziɖuɖu aɖe ƒe tatɔ alo aʋafia si le eɖokui si, eye wòadɔ eƒe asrafowo ɖe ga kple eya ŋutɔ ƒe dunyahehe me didiwo ta.[21]

Esia ɖe dzesi wu le Nil balia me (vevietɔ le Sudan kple Uganda), eye kluviwo ƒe asrafoha siwo ŋu Islam dziɖuɖumegã vovovowo wɔ ɖoɖo ɖo[21]kple Ɣetoɖoƒe Afrika ƒe aʋawɔlawo.[22]Woɖo asrafowo ƒe hatsotso siwo le Sudan le ƒe 1800 me to asrafowo ƒe amedzidzedze gãwo me le nuto si nye Sudan kple South Sudan dukɔwo fifia me.[21]

Amegbetɔ tsɔtsɔ sa vɔe bɔ ɖe Ɣetoɖoƒe Afrika dukɔwo me kple le ƒe alafa 19 lia me. Togbɔ be blematomenukulawo ƒe kpeɖodziwo me mekɔ le nya sia ŋu do ŋgɔ na Europatɔwo ƒe kadodo o hã la, le habɔbɔ mawo siwo tsɔa amegbetɔwo sa vɔe me la, kluviwoe va zu amesiwo ŋu wogblẽ nu le wu[2]

Dahomey ƒe Ƒe Sia Ƒe ƒe Kɔnuwoe nye kluviwo tsɔtsɔ sa vɔe ƒe kpɔɖeŋu si xɔ ŋkɔ wu, afisi woatsɔ gamenɔla 500 asa vɔe le.Wosa vɔwo le Ɣetoɖoƒe Afrika ƒuta katã kple anyigba ƒe go kemɛ dzi. Vɔsawo bɔ ɖe Benin Fiaɖuƒea, le afisi woyɔna fifia be Nigeria ƒe dzigbe, kple le dukɔ sue geɖe siwo le wo ɖokui si le nuto ɖeka ma ke me. Le Ashanti Nutome la, wotsɔa amegbetɔ tsɔtsɔ sa vɔe kpena ɖe kufiatsotso ŋu zi geɖe.[23][24][25]

Kluvisitsatsa le nutoa me

[trɔ asi le eŋu | trɔ asi le etsoƒe ŋu]

Dukɔ geɖewo abe Bono Dukɔa, Ashanti siwo le Ghana si li egbea kple egbegbe Nigeria ƒe Yorubatɔwo ene ƒo wo ɖokui ɖe kluvisitsatsa me.[26]Ƒuƒoƒowo abe Angola ƒe Imbangalatɔwo kple Tanzania ƒe Nyamwezitɔwo ene anye domenɔlawo alo haƒoha siwo le tsa ɖim, awɔ aʋa kple Afrika-dukɔwo be yewoalé amewo atsɔ ayi duta abe kluviwo ene. Ŋutinyaŋlɔla John Thornton kple Linda Heywood siwo le Boston Yunivɛsiti bu akɔnta be le Afrikatɔ siwo wolé eye emegbe wodzra wo abe kluviwo ene na Xexeme Yeyea le Atlantik-ƒua ƒe kluvisitsatsa me la, wo dometɔ siwo ade 90% nye kluviwo na hati Afrikatɔ siwo dzra wo na Europa asitsalawo.[27]Henry Louis Gates, si nye Harvard ƒe Afrikatɔwo Kple Afrika Amerikatɔwo Ŋuti Nusɔsrɔ̃ ƒe Zimenɔla gblɔe nenema "ne menye asitsatsa ƒe hadomeɖoɖo sesẽ siwo nɔ Afrikatɔ ŋkutawo kple Europatɔ asitsala gãwo kple asitsalawo dome o la, anye ne kluvisitsatsa yi Xexeme Yeyea me manya wɔ o, le alesi gbegbe wòdzɔe ya teti nu."[28]

Bubi to bliboa dzɔ tso to vovovo me tɔwo ƒe kluvi siwo si siwo le blema Ɣetoɖoƒe titina Afrika to vovovo me tɔwo si me.

Nuwɔnawo le nuto ɖesiaɖe me

[trɔ asi le eŋu | trɔ asi le etsoƒe ŋu]

Abe xexeame ƒe nuto bubu akpa gãtɔ ene la, kluvinyenye kple dɔ sesẽ wɔwɔ nɔ Afrika fiaɖuƒe kple habɔbɔ geɖe me ƒe alafa geɖe.[29]

  1. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9781139034999.003
  2. 1 2 https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9781139034999.003
  3. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674724877
  4. ↑ https://www.aehnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/AEHN-WP-6.pdf
  5. ↑ Foner, Eric (2012). Give Me Liberty: An American History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 18.
  6. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781139046176
  7. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa#cite_ref-Lovejoy-2012_3-14
  8. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa#cite_ref-Lovejoy-2012_3-14
  9. ↑ Noel King (ed.), Ibn Battuta in Black Africa, Princeton 2005, p. 54.
  10. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021853700036343
  11. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021853700006514
  12. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa#cite_ref-Snell_11-1
  13. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa#cite_ref-Lovejoy-2012_3-6
  14. 1 2 https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021853700006514
  15. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa#cite_ref-Snell_11-1
  16. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438240126645
  17. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438240126645
  18. ↑ https://www.antislavery.org/slavery-today/domestic-work-and-slavery/
  19. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853700007787
  20. ↑ Paul E. Lovejoy; Toyin Falola, eds. (2003). Pawnship, Slavery, and Colonialism in Africa. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
  21. 1 2 3 4 https://doi.org/10.2307%2F482742
  22. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021853700009531
  23. ↑ https://doi.org/10.2307%2F219449
  24. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=N1j1QdPMockC
  25. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/topic/human-sacrifice
  26. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=Om12BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA113
  27. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/23/opinion/23gates.html
  28. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/23/opinion/23gates.html
  29. ↑ https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1874022
Woɖee tso "https://ee.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_africa&oldid=59345"