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Kluvinyenye ƒe fexexe

Tso Wikipedia

Kluvinyenye ƒe fexexe nye mɔ siwo dzi woato aɖo nuvevi si kluvinyenye hena vɛ la teƒe. Esia ateŋu anye ga, senyawo tsɔtsɔ aɖɔ nu gbegblẽwo ɖo, dutoƒo "taflatse", kple ŋugbedodo be kluvinyenye magadzɔ ake o.

Nusiwo woatsɔ axe fe siawo ate ŋu anye kluvinyenye si dzɔ ɣeyiɣi didi aɖee nye sia (ŋutinya me kluvinyenye) alo kluvinyenye si gakpɔtɔ le dzɔdzɔm egbea ta. Agbagbadzedze siawo dometɔ aɖewo be woaɖɔ nuwo ɖo la dze egɔme tso keke ƒe 1700-awo me ke.

United Nations Nyametsotso

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United Nations General Assembly Resolution 60/147 lia katã ku ɖe nuwo ɖɔɖɔɖo ne woda le amegbetɔ ƒe gomenɔamesiwo dzi. Eƒo nu tso mɔ siwo dzi woato aɖɔ nusiwo gblẽ si wowɔ ɖo ŋu, abe nusi woxɔ la gbugbɔgaɖo alo nusiwo gblẽ ƒe fexexe nana ene.[1]

Teƒeɖoɖowo ate ŋu ava le mɔ vovovo geɖe nu. Woate ŋu anye ga si woxe na ame ɖekaɖekawo, nubabla siwo wowɔ be woakpɔ nusiwo wobia gbɔ, nusrɔ̃gbalẽwo alo hehenana ƒe ɖoɖo bubuwo, agbagbadzedze gãwo be woaɖɔ ɖoɖo madzɔmadzɔwo ɖo, alo anyigba si wogbugbɔ na be woatsɔ aɖo nu gbegblẽ siwo wowɔ va yi siwo ku ɖe ɖokuisinɔnɔ ŋu teƒe gɔ̃ hã.

Tsɔ kpe ɖe ga ŋu la, nusiwo woatsɔ axe fe ɖe eta hã ate ŋu anye: kukuɖeɖe kple lɔlɔ̃ ɖe nu gbegblẽ siwo wowɔ dzi. Esia ate ŋu afia hã be woaɖe kpememewo ɖa eye woatrɔ ŋkɔ na ablɔ siwo dea bubu ame siwo wɔ ame bubuwo kluviwoe alo do alɔ kluvinyenye, alo woatsɔ ŋkɔ na xɔ aɖe gɔ̃ hã tso ame aɖe si wowɔ kluviwoe alo ame aɖe si ʋli be yeaɖe kluvinyenye ɖa la ƒe ŋkɔ. Ele vevie be míanya be zi geɖe la, womebua ŋgɔyiyi ƒe kpekpeɖeŋu (ga si wonana tsɔ kpena ɖe dukɔ dahewo ŋu) be enye nusiwo woatsɔ axe fe ɖe eta o. Ame aɖewo sena le wo ɖokui me be ga nana ɖeɖe mesɔ gbɔ o; wodi be woaxe fe ɖe kluvinyenye ta be mɔnukpɔkpɔ nasu yewo si be yewoatrɔ ayi yewo tɔgbuiwo ƒe dukɔ gbãtɔ me hafi woazu kluvinyenye hã ɖe eme, eye "woahe dunyahehe kple ganyawo ƒe ɖoɖo si li fifia nuwuwu" si wokpɔ be medzɔ o hã ɖe eme.[2]

Le nuto siwo me wowɔ nuvlowɔwɔa le nu

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Netherlands

Le December 2022 me la, Mark Rutte, si nye Netherlands ƒe ŋgɔnɔla gblɔ be taflatse ɖe Netherlands dziɖuɖua teƒe ɖe akpa si wòwɔ le kluvinyenye me ta. Ewɔ esia le wɔna aɖe si wowɔ le The Hague, afisi ƒuƒoƒo siwo ʋlia nusiwo woatsɔ axe fe ɖe eta ta la nɔ.

Dziɖuɖua do ŋugbe hã be yeana €200 miliɔn. Woazã ga sia atsɔ fia nu amewo tso kluvinyenye ŋu, ade gomekpɔkpɔ le eme ƒe dzi ƒo, eye woakpɔ alesi kluvinyenye gakpɔtɔ le ŋusẽ kpɔm ɖe amewo dzi egbea gbɔ. Wole ɖoɖo wɔm ɖe wɔna aɖe hã ŋu le July 1, 2023 dzi, be woatsɔ ɖo ŋku kluvinyenye ƒe ŋutinya dzi kple dukɔwo abe Dutch Caribbean dukɔwo kple Suriname ene.[3]

United Kingdom

Do ŋgɔ na ƒe 2010 la, ne amewo ƒoa nu tso kukuɖeɖe ɖe kluvinyenye ta ŋu le dukɔwo dome la, eƒe akpa gãtɔ nyea gbɔgblɔ be, "Ẽ, kluvinyenye mesɔ o, eye etena ɖe mía dzi be míede eme." Gake ame aɖeke menɔ ga xem ŋutɔŋutɔ be yeatsɔ aɖo eteƒe o.

Emegbe le June 2023 me la, ƒuƒoƒo aɖe si woyɔna be Brattle Group ma numekuku aɖe si wowɔ le West Indies Yunivɛsiti. Wokpɔe be nusiwo Atlantik-ƒua dzi kluvinyenye gblẽ, le edzɔɣi kple emegbe siaa, axɔ dɔlar triliɔn 100 kple edzivɔ be woaɖɔe ɖo. Ema nye ga gbogbo aɖe si wɔ nuku ŋutɔ!

Ɣleti ʋɛ aɖewo megbe, le October 2023 me la, wowɔ takpekpe aɖe le Eŋlisiawo me ku ɖe nusiwo woatsɔ axe fe ɖe eta ŋu. Amesiame si le afima lɔ̃ ɖe edzi be ehiã be "woati "dzɔdzɔenyenye blibo si woatsɔ aɖɔ ame ɖo" yome eye woakpɔ egbɔ. Le nyateƒe me la, wole gbɔgblɔm be ele be dzɔdzɔenyenye ŋutɔŋutɔ nadzɔ na kluvinyenye.[4]

Kluviwo ƒe Fexexe Ðe Ame Ŋu ƒe Se (Slave owners' compensation, 1837)

Le keke ƒe 1837 me ke la, Eŋlisiawo ƒe dziɖuɖua de se aɖe si woyɔna be Kluviwo ƒe Fexexe Ðe Ame Ŋu ƒe Se (Slave owners' compensation, 1837). Wode asi se sia te le December 23 lia dzi, eye nusi fia koŋ be woaxe fe na kluviwo tɔ ne woɖe asi le woƒe ame siwo wowɔ kluviwoe ŋu.[5]

Woxe ga si ade pound miliɔn 20 na kluvi siwo wu 40,000. Ga sia nye na amesiwo wowɔ kluvi siwo woɖe asi le le teƒewo abe Caribbean, Mauritius, kple Cape of Good Hope ene. Be nànya ga home si ema nye la, anɔ abe 40% ene le Britain dziɖuɖua ƒe gazazã bliboa me hena ƒe ɖeka. Le egbegbe ga nu la, ema anɔ abe pound biliɔn 16.5 xexe ene![6]

Wotrɔ ga siawo dometɔ aɖewo wozu gadede asi ɣeyiɣi didi aɖe ƒomevi, si na ga la xɔxɔ ƒe ɖoɖo bliboa ganɔ blewu na kluviawo tɔ.[7]

Abuja Proclamation and ARM (1993)

Afrika Reparations Movement (ARM UK) dze egɔme le ƒe 1993. Esia dzɔ le kpekpe gã aɖe si wowɔ le Abuja, Nigeria, afisi woɖe "Abuja Gbeƒãɖeɖe" le megbe. Organisation of African Unity (OAU) kple Nigeria dziɖuɖuae wɔ ɖoɖo ɖe kpekpe sia si woyɔna be Afrika-dukɔwo katã ƒe Takpekpe Gbãtɔ si ku ɖe Nusiwo Woxena Ðe Ame Ŋu ŋu.[8]

Le ƒe 1993 ƒe gɔmedzedze la, Bernie Grant, si nye Britaintɔwo ƒe Sewɔtakpekpe me tɔ (MP) zɔ mɔ to Eŋlisiawo ƒe akpa vovovowo be yeaƒo nu tso vevienyenye si le kluvinyenye ƒe fexexe ŋu.

Le May 10, 1993 dzi la, etsɔ aɖaŋuɖoɖo aɖe ɖo Dumegãwo ƒe Aƒea me le se nu. Aɖaŋuɖoɖo sia do dzidzɔ ɖe gbeƒãɖeɖe aɖe si gblɔ be xexeame nyi agbenyuinɔnɔ ƒe fe gã aɖe le Afrikatɔwo ŋu, fe si womexe haɖe o. Eƒoe ɖe dukɔ siwo kpɔ viɖe tso kluvinyenye kple dutanyigbadziɖuɖu me nu be woabu fexexe na Afrika kple Afrikatɔ siwo mele Afrika o ŋu. Aɖaŋuɖoɖoa de dzesi ganyawo kple ame ŋutɔ ƒe nu gbegblẽ siwo nɔa anyi ɖaa siwo Afrika kple Afrikatɔwo zazã ɖe mɔ gbegblẽ nu gblẽna le wo ŋu, kpakple ameƒomevinyenye ƒe vovototodedeameme si wòhe vɛ hã dze sii. Mlɔeba la, edo alɔ Afrika Ðekawɔwɔ Habɔbɔ (OAU) le agbagba siwo dzem wòle be woaxe fe ɖe eta la me.

Bernie Grant kple sewɔtakpekpe me tɔ bubu siwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye Tony Benn, Tony Banks, John Austin-Walker, Harry Barnes, kple Gerry Bermingham da asi ɖe nyametsotsoa dzi. Dɔwɔlawo ƒe Habɔbɔ ƒe sewɔtakpekpe me tɔ 46 bubuwo hã de asi woƒe kpekpeɖeŋu te, siwo dome Jeremy Corbyn, si ava zu tsitretsiɖeŋulawo ƒe ŋgɔnɔla emegbe hã nɔ.[9]

Abuja Gbeƒãɖeɖea bia be woaɖo dukɔa ƒe kɔmitiwo le Afrika kple Afrikatɔ siwo le duta dome be woakpɔ nugblẽfexexe ƒe nya la gbɔ. Le esia ta la, Bernie Grant kpe ɖe Afrika Reparations Movement (ARM UK) ɖoɖo anyi eye wònye zimenɔla le December 1993. Ƒuƒoƒo vevitɔ si kpe ɖe eŋu wòxɔ ŋgɔ le ɖoɖo sia me dometɔ aɖewoe nye Sam Walker abe agbalẽŋlɔla ene, Linda Bellos abe gadzikpɔla ene, kple Patrick Wilmott, Stephen A. Small (Britaintɔwo ƒe agbalẽnyala bibi aɖe si bi ɖe kluvinyenye me), kple Hugh Oxley abe nuteƒewɔlawo ene.[10]

Taɖodzinu vevi geɖe nɔ Africa Reparations Movement (ARM UK) si:

  • Xɔ fexexe: Woƒe taɖodzinue nye be yewoazã se ƒe mɔnuwo katã atsɔ akpɔ nusiwo woatsɔ axe fe ɖe Afrikatɔwo ƒe kluvinyenye kple woƒe dutanyigbawo dzi ɖuɖu ta, le Afrika kple amesiwo le anyigbagã la godo siaa.
  • Trɔ asi le blemanuwo ŋu: Wodi hã be yewoaxɔ Afrikatɔwo ƒe blemanuwo le se nu tso afisiafi si wodzra wo ɖo.
  • Di kukuɖeɖe: ARM bia kukuɖeɖe tso Ɣetoɖoƒedukɔwo gbɔ le Afrikatɔwo ƒe kluvinyenye kple woƒe dutanyigbadziɖuɖu ta.
  • Lɔ̃ ɖe nudzɔdzɔwo dzi: Wowɔ aʋa be xexeame nade dzesi akpa vevi siwo Afrikatɔwo wɔ le xexeame ƒe ŋutinya kple dekɔnuwo me.
  • Ŋutinya ƒe nɔnɔmetata si sɔ: Taɖodzinu bubue nye be woaƒoe ɖe Afrikatɔwo ƒe ŋutinya nu wòade pɛpɛpɛ, si woxɔ se be akpe ɖe wo ŋu woagade bubu kple bubudede wo ɖokui ŋu na Afrikatɔwo.
  • Hehe Afrika sɔhɛwo: ARM ƒe taɖodzinue nye be yeana hehe Afrika sɔhɛwo, le anyigbagã la dzi kple duta siaa, tso Afrikatɔwo ƒe dekɔnuwo, gbegbɔgblɔwo, kple dekɔnu deŋgɔwo ŋu ahanya wo.

Nublanuitɔe la, ARM UK megawɔa dɔ o esi Bernie Grant ku le ƒe 2000 me.[11]

Class action (2004)

Le ƒe 2004 me la, senyala aɖe si ŋkɔe nye Ed Fagan, si kpɔ gome le nya aɖewo siwo ŋu nyaʋiʋliwo nɔ me la tsɔ nya ɖe Lloyd’s of London, si nye nugblẽfexeha gã aɖe ŋu le se nu. Nyadɔdrɔ̃a gblɔ be Lloyd’s si tso London gbɔe wòtso elabena wowɔa nugblẽfexeɖoɖo na meli siwo wozãna le Atlantik-ƒua dzi kluvisitsatsa me. Ke hã, nyaa medze edzi o.[12]

Meɖe kuku

Le ƒe 2006 me, le November 27 lia dzi la, Britain ƒe Dukplɔlagã Tony Blair si nɔ anyi ɣemaɣi la ɖe nyatakaka aɖe ɖe go. Egblɔ be yese "nuxaxa vevie" le Britain ƒe gomekpɔkpɔ le kluvisitsatsa me ta, eye wòyɔe be "ŋukpe gã aɖe." Gake nusiwo woatsɔ axe fe ɖe eta ƒe nyaʋiʋlilawo le Britain ɖe ɖeklemi esia. Esther Stanford, si nye aʋawɔla xɔŋkɔ aɖe gblɔ be ɖe wòle be Blair naɖe kuku si ŋu gɔmesese le wu hafi, si wòle be wòana woawɔ nu vovovowo, siwo dome ga ƒe fexexe hã le hafi. Blair gaɖe kuku ake le ƒe 2007 me esi wòdo go kple Ghana Dukplɔla John Kufuor vɔ megbe.[13]

Emegbe le August 24, 2007 dzi la, Ken Livingstone, si nye London ƒe Dumegã ɣemaɣi, ɖe kuku le dutoƒo ɖe akpa si London wɔ le kluvisitsatsa si to Atlantik-ƒua dzi me ta. Esia dzɔ le wɔna aɖe si wowɔ tsɔ de dzesi ƒe 200 tso esime woda asi ɖe ƒe 1807 me Kluviwo ƒe Asitsatsa Sea dzi. Le eƒe nuƒoa me la, Livingstone ƒoe ɖe Britain Dziɖuɖua nu be wòawɔ dukɔa ƒe Ƒe Sia Ƒe Kluvinyenye Ŋkuɖodzi Ŋkeke le Eŋlisiawo me be woatsɔ aɖo ŋku kluvinyenye dzi.[14]

Kluvinyenye ƒe Domenyilawo

Le February 2023 me la, Laura Trevelyan, si nye BBC nyadzɔdzɔŋlɔla tsã la zɔ mɔ yi Grenada. Tsã la, agbledeƒewo nɔ eƒe ƒomea si le afima. Eyi ɖaɖe kuku ɖe nuvevi si eƒe ƒomea he vɛ ta eye wògblɔ be yeaxe fe ɖe eta. Eƒe ƒomea hã ɖe kuku na Grenada ɖe nusiwo kluvinyenye gblẽ le eŋu ta. Tsɔ kpe ɖe eŋu la, Trevelyan ƒomea kple woƒe ƒuƒoƒoa bia tso Britain ƒe Dukplɔlagã kple Fia Charles si be woaɖe kuku ɖe United Kingdom teƒe le se nu.[15]

Le April 2023 me la, Laura Trevelyan kpe ɖe eŋu woɖo Heirs of Slavery. Ame ɖekaɖeka siwo kpɔ viɖe tso Britaintɔwo ƒe kluvinyenye si to Atlantik-ƒua dzi me eye fifia wodi be yewoaɖɔ nuwo ɖo la ƒe dzidzimeviwoe le ƒuƒoƒo sia me. Trevelyan ƒe ƒomea tsɔ ga na sukudede ƒe ɖoɖowo le Grenada xoxo to CARICOM dzi. Wole mɔ kpɔm be Kluvinyenye ƒe Domenyilawo ana woawɔ nu mawo tɔgbe, siwo lolo wu. Tso May 2023 me la, ƒuƒoƒoa me tɔ bubuwoe nye David Lascelles, Harewood ƒe Fiavi 8 lia; Charles Gladstone, si nye Dukplɔlagã William Gladstone ƒe dzidzimevi; nyadzɔdzɔŋlɔla Alex Renton; Richard Atkinson kple ame bubuwo; John Dower (si hã tso Trevelyan ƒomea me); Rosemary Harrison kple ame bubuwo; kple Robin Wedderburn ƒe ŋkɔwo.[16]

United States

Kluvinyenye wu enu le United States le se nu le ƒe 1865 me esime wowu Amerika Dukɔmeviʋa nu eye woda asi ɖe U.S. Dukplɔsea ƒe Ðɔɖɔɖo Wuietɔ̃lia dzi. Ðɔɖɔɖo sia gblɔ be womaɖe mɔ ɖe kluvinyenye alo dɔ sesẽ wɔwɔ ŋu le United States o, negbe tohehe na nuvlowɔwɔ ko. Esi nusia dzɔ la, Afrika-Amerikatɔ siwo ade miliɔn ene xɔ ablɔɖe.

Kluvinyenye ƒe fexexe, kple ameƒomevinyenye ƒe nya si keke ta wu la ƒe ŋutinya le Dziehe Amerika tso ƒe 1783 ya teti. Le ƒe ʋɛ siwo va yi me, vevietɔ tso ƒe 2020 me la, wogaƒoe ɖe amewo nu ake be woaxe fe na amewo le U.S., si tsitretsitsi ɖe kpovitɔwo ƒe ŋutasẽnuwɔwɔ kple ameƒomevinyenye ƒe vovototodedeameme ƒomevi bubuwo ŋu le ɖoɖo nu. Zi geɖe la, ameƒomevinyenye ƒe fexexe ƒe nukpɔsusua zɔna aduadu kple yɔyɔ be woaxe fe ɖe kluvinyenye ta.[17]

Kplɔla siwo le U.S. ƒe nugblẽfexexe ƒe habɔbɔa me wɔ ɖoɖo aɖe si dzi woato aɖɔ ameƒomevinyenye ƒe kluvinyenye dzadzraɖo ƒe akpa vovovoawo:

  1. Akɔntabubu: Esia fia be woase nusiwo gblẽ nu le ame ŋu siwo dzɔ la gɔme tsitotsito kple susu siwo tae.
  2. Lɔlɔ̃ ɖe edzi: Esia nye nya aɖe si wogblɔ le dutoƒo si lɔ̃ ɖe edzi be wogblẽ nu le ame ŋu.
  3. Akɔntabubu: Esia bia be woatsɔ agbanɔamedzia ahatsɔ wo ɖokui ana ɖe nuwɔna siwo atɔ te nusi agblẽ nu le ame ŋu ahaɖɔe ɖo ŋu.
  4. Dzadzraɖo: Esiawo nye afɔɖeɖe siwo wowɔ be woatsɔ aɖɔ nuwo ɖo. Esia ateŋu alɔ gadodo, gbugbɔgaɖɔɖo, kple afɔɖeɖe veviedodotɔe be woatu ameƒomevinyenye ƒe dzɔdzɔenyenye ɖo ɖe ɖoɖo siwo li fifia me be "woada abi" si kluvinyenye gblẽ ɖi la ɖe eme.[18]

Kpekpeɖeŋu nana

Le dukɔa ƒe ɖoɖo nu la, wodo se aɖe si woyɔna be "Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act" ɖe ŋgɔ enuenu. Teƒenɔla tsãtɔ John Conyers Jr. (D-MI) tsɔa se sia ɖoa U.S. Sewɔtakpekpea ŋkume ƒe sia ƒe tso ƒe 1989 vaseɖe esime wòɖe asi le dɔ ŋu le ƒe 2017. Se sia ƒe taɖodzinue nye be woaɖo dɔdzikpɔha aɖe si asrɔ̃ nu tso alesi kluvinyenye kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe United States ƒe hadome, dunyahehe, kple ganyawo dzii ŋu. Togbɔ be womeda asi ɖe dukɔa ƒe se sia dzi o hã la, dugã kple habɔbɔ aɖewo le U.S. dze woawo ŋutɔ ƒe agbagbadzedzewo gɔme be yewoaxe fe ɖe eta.

Ganyawo Ŋuti Akɔntabubuwo le Fexexe Ŋu

Ame ɖekaɖekawo kple ƒuƒoƒo vovovowo dze agbagba be yewoatsɔ ga ade asixɔxɔ si kluvinyenye kple vovototodedeameme kpɔna ɖe ame dzi ŋu:

Le ƒe 1999 me la, Afrika-Amerikatɔ senyala kple aʋawɔla Randall Robinson bu akɔnta be Amerika ƒe ŋutinya si ku ɖe ameƒomevinyenye ƒe ʋunyaʋunyawɔwɔ, amewuwu, kple vovototodedeameme le ɖoɖo nu ŋu na Afrika-Amerikatɔwo bu dɔlar triliɔn 1.4.

Gaŋutinunyala Robert Browne xɔe se be ele be nusiwo woatsɔ axe fe na amewo naɖoe be yewoana Ameyibɔwo ƒe nutoa naɖo ganyawo ƒe ɖoƒe si gbɔ wòaɖo ne menye kluvinyenye kple vovototodedeameme tae o. Ebu akɔnta be ga si woatsɔ axe fe ɖe eta si sɔ la anɔ dɔlar triliɔn 1.4 va ɖo dɔlar triliɔn 4.7 dome. Esia ƒe mama va ɖoa dɔlar 142,000 lɔƒo na Amerikatɔ Ameyibɔ ɖesiaɖe si le agbe egbea, si ade dɔlar 188,000 le ƒe 2024 ƒe dɔlar me.

Akɔntabubu bubu siwo ku ɖe nusiwo woatsɔ axe fe ɖe eta ŋu la lolo wu gɔ̃ hã, tso dɔlar triliɔn 5.7 va ɖo dɔlar triliɔn 14.2, eye akɔntabubu ɖeka de dɔlar triliɔn 17.1.

Yɔyɔ Siwo Le Dzidzim Ðe Edzi Kple Dukɔwo Dome Kpekpeɖeŋu

Le ƒe 2014 me la, Amerika nyadzɔdzɔŋlɔla Ta-Nehisi Coates ta nyati ɖedzesi aɖe si ƒe tanyae nye "Nya si Woatsɔ Axe Fe na Ame." Nyati sia ƒo nu tso kluvinyenye kple Jim Crow ƒe sewo ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi siwo yi edzi ŋu eye wogbugbɔ yɔyɔ be woaxe fe ɖe eta. Coates te gbe ɖe Sewɔtakpekpea ƒe kpododonu enuenu be wòada asi ɖe Rep. John Conyers Jr. ƒe H.R.40 Sewɔtakpekpea dzi dzi koŋ be enye dzesi be womelɔ̃ be yewoaɖɔ nu madzɔmadzɔ siwo wowɔ va yi ɖo o.

Le September 2016 me la, Dukɔ Ƒoƒuawo ƒe Dɔwɔha si Kpɔa Ame Siwo Tso Afrika Ŋuti Nyawo Gbɔ de dzi ƒo na U.S. Sewɔtakpekpea be woada asi ɖe H.R.40 dzi be woasrɔ̃ nu tso nusiwo woatsɔ axe fe ɖe eta ƒe aɖaŋuɖoɖowo ŋu. Togbɔ be womeda asi ɖe aɖaŋuɖoɖo aɖeke koŋ dzi o hã la, woƒe nyatakakaa de dzesii be ameƒomevinyenye ƒe tasɔsɔmasɔ gakpɔtɔ le United States. Woɖe eme be togbɔ be tɔtrɔwo va tso Jim Crow ƒe ɣeyiɣia kple Dukɔmeviwo ƒe Gomenɔamesiwo Ŋuti Habɔbɔa me hã la, "nukpɔsusu si kpɔa egbɔ be ƒuƒoƒo aɖe ɖu bubu dzi la yi edzi le ŋusẽ gbegblẽ kpɔm ɖe Afrika-Amerikatɔwo ƒe dukɔmeviwo, dunyahehe, ganyawo, hadome kple dekɔnuwo ƒe gomenɔamesiwo dzi egbea." Nyatakakaa gblɔ hã be “ameƒomevinyenye ƒe vovototodedeameme si le ɖoɖo nu ƒe nukpɔsusu si me afɔku le xea mɔ na hadome ɖekawɔwɔ le United States dukɔmeviwo dome.”

Numedzodzro si ku ɖe nugblẽfexexe ŋu la va xɔ susu yeye ɖedzesi aɖe le ƒe 2020 me, eye eƒe akpa aɖee nye be Ameyibɔwo ƒe Agbenɔnɔ Le Vevie habɔbɔa yɔ nugblẽfexexe be enye yewoƒe ɖoɖowo ƒe taɖodzinuwo dometɔ ɖeka le United States. Le ƒe ma ke me la, rap-haƒola T.I. dutoƒo da asi ɖe nusiwo woatsɔ axe fe ɖe eta ta, si fia be ele be Afrika-Amerikatɔ ɖesiaɖe naxɔ Amerika dɔlar miliɔn ɖeka. Eʋli nya hã be kluvinyenye na ame geɖe dea gaxɔ me, ahedada, kple hadomekuxi bubuwo.[19]

Caribbean

Kluvinyenye Kple Dukɔwo Dome Se le Caribbean Ne míelé ŋku ɖe kluvinyenye, ameƒomevi aɖewo tsɔtsrɔ̃ ɖa, kple nuvlowɔwɔ gã bubu siwo wowɔ le Caribbean-ƒukpowo dzi ŋu la, esesẽna be míagblɔ nenye be womele se nu le dukɔwo dome sewo nu le ɣeyiɣi si me wodzɔ o. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, togbɔ be ameƒomevi aɖewo tsɔtsrɔ̃ ɖa ƒe nuwɔnawo dzɔ le ŋutinya katã me hã la, dukɔwo dome sewo mexe mɔ ɖe wo nu le se nu o vaseɖe ƒe alafa 20 lia ƒe gɔmedzedze.

Ke hã, dukɔwo dome se aɖe li si gblɔ be dziɖuɖu yeye aɖe ƒe agbanɔamedzie wònye be wòana dzɔdzɔenyenye nanɔ nu gbegblẽ siwo wowɔ va yi ta.

Egbegbe Sewo Zazã le Ɣeyiɣi Siwo Va Tsã Me Zi geɖe la, gɔmeɖose aɖe le dukɔwo dome sewo si woyɔna be "ɣeyiɣiwo dome se." Esia fia be màte ŋu awɔ egbegbe sewo ŋudɔ le nu siwo dzɔ va yi la ŋu o. Gake senyalawo dometɔ aɖewo ʋlia nya be ɖewohĩ nusiwo to vovo na nuvlowɔwɔ ɖe ameƒomea ŋu, abe kluvinyenye ene. Wodo susua ɖa be mele be Europa-dukɔwo kple wo teƒenɔlawo nakpɔ mɔ be woabu kluvinyenye be ele se nu le etsɔme hafi o. Esia nye senyawo ƒe akpa si sesẽ ŋutɔ.[20]

CARICOM Reparations Commission

Caribbean Habɔbɔ (CARICOM), si woɖo le ƒe 1973 me la nye Caribbean dukɔ 15 ƒe ƒuƒoƒo aɖe si wɔa dɔ ɖekae le dunyahehe kple ganyawo me. Le gɔmedzedzea me la, dukɔ siwo doa Eŋlisigbe koe nɔ eme. Gake tso ƒe 1995 me la, dukɔ siwo medoa Eŋlisigbe o abe Suriname (si doa Netherlandsgbe) kple Haiti hã va kpe ɖe eŋu.

Le ƒe 2013 me, le nuƒo siwo kplɔ wo nɔewo ɖo me le Guyana la, Aƒetɔ Hilary Beckles, si nye ame xɔŋkɔ aɖe tso West Indies Yunivɛsiti, do susua ɖa be ele be CARICOM-dukɔwo nadi be woaxe fe ɖe kluvinyenye ta. Ehe susu yi Yudatɔwo ƒe habɔbɔ si ɖo ga si wotsɔ xea fe na wo dzidzedzetɔe le yometiti si wodo goe le Xexemeʋa II me megbe la dzi be wòanye kpɔɖeŋu.

Le Beckles ƒe aɖaŋuɖoɖo megbe la, woɖo CARICOM Reparations Commission le September 2013 me.

Le ƒe 2014 me la, Caribbean-dukɔ 15 siawo to "CARICOM ƒe Nya Ewo ƒe Ðoɖo si Wowɔ na Dzɔdzɔenyenye si Woatsɔ Aɖɔe ɖo" vɛ. Ðoɖo sia gblɔ nusiwo wobia be woaxe fe na yewo tso Europa-dukɔwo gbɔ la me kɔ nyuie. Woʋli nya be ele be Europa naxe fe ɖe nusiwo Atlantik-ƒua ƒe kluvisitsatsa gblẽ le eŋu tegbee la ta.

Nu Vevi Siwo Di Le Nya Ewo ƒe Ðoɖoa Me

Nusiwo wobia tso wo si dometɔ aɖewoe nye:

  • Kpekpeɖeŋunana le se nu tso dukɔ siwo katã kpɔ gome le kluvinyenye me gbɔ, tsɔ wu be woagblɔ “vevese” ko.
  • Gbugbɔgaɖoanyi, si fia be woakpe ɖe Afrikatɔ siwo ʋu le woƒe aƒewo me ŋu woatrɔ ayi wo denyigbawo dzi.
  • Ðoɖo siwo woawɔ atsɔ akpe ɖe amesiwo tso Afrika ŋu woasrɔ̃ nu tso woƒe ŋutinyawo ŋu ahagblɔ wo.
  • Dɔwɔƒe siwo ana kluvinyenye ƒe dzidzimeviwo ƒe sukudede, ŋutilã me lãmesẽ, kple susu ƒe nyonyo nanyo ɖe edzi.

Caribbean-dukɔ siawo teƒenɔlawo gblɔ zi geɖe be yewoɖoe be yewoatsɔ nya sia ayi Dukɔwo Dome Ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe (ICJ). Gake vaseɖe January 2023 me la, womewɔ se aɖeke le se nu be woatsɔ Barbadia dziɖuɖua ƒe nyaa ayi dukɔwo dome nyamedzroƒe o.[20] .[21]

Antigua and Barbuda

Le ƒe 2011 me la, Antigua kple Barbuda ƒo nu le Dukɔ Ƒoƒuawo me, eye woʋli nya be woaxe fe na yewo. Wogblɔ be vovototodedeameme kple ŋutasẽnuwɔwɔ ɖe amesiwo tso Afrika ŋu "gblẽ woƒe ŋutete be woawɔ ŋgɔyiyi" abe dukɔwo, nutoawo, kple ame ɖekaɖekawo ene.

Nyitsɔ laa le ƒe 2016 me la, Aƒetɔ Ronald Sanders, si nye Antigua kple Barbuda ƒe Dutanyanyuigblɔla le United States ɣemaɣi la, ƒoe ɖe Harvard Yunivɛsiti nu be wòalɔ̃ ɖe fe si wònyi le kluvi siwo ƒe ŋkɔ womeyɔ o siwo tso Antigua kple Barbuda la dzi. Sanders ɖee fia be Isaac Royall Jr., si nye Harvard ƒe senyawo ŋuti nufialagã gbãtɔ si wona nunanae, zã ame siwo wowɔ kluviwoe le eƒe Antigua agblea dzi tsɔ kpe asi ɖe Harvard Sesuku ɖoɖo ŋu. Be Sanders naɖɔ nyaa ɖo la, edo susua ɖa be Harvard nana ƒe sia ƒe ƒe ɖaseɖigbalẽ sukuvi siwo tso Antigua kple Barbuda.[22]

Barbados

Le ƒe 2012 me la, Barbadia dziɖuɖua ɖo Dɔwɔha si me tɔwo nye ame wuieve siwo nye Reparations Task Force. Eƒe taɖodzinue nye be yeayi edzi anɔ ŋgɔ yim le nusiwo woatsɔ axe fe ɖe eta me le nutoa me, nutome, kple dukɔwo dome. Ɣemaɣi la, Barbados nɔ ŋgɔ xɔm ŋutɔŋutɔ le biabia tso dukɔ siwo nɔ anyi tsã si be woaxe fe na yewo ɖe nu madzɔmadzɔ dziŋɔ siwo me ame siwo wowɔ kluviwoe kple woƒe ƒomewo to ta.[23]

Barbados ƒe Kplɔlanyenye si Yia Edzi le Nusiwo Woɖo Ðe Ame Ŋu me

Tso ƒe 2021 me la, woyi edzi da asi ɖe Barbados dzi be exɔ ŋgɔ le nutsotsoa me le xexeame katã ƒe yɔyɔ be woaxe kluvinyenye ƒe fexexe me.

Kaka January 2023 naɖo la, Barbados Dukɔa ƒe Dɔwɔha si Kpɔa Fexexe Ðe Ame Ŋu, si nye CARICOM ƒe Fexexe Ŋuti Dɔwɔha gãtɔ ƒe akpa aɖe, nɔ fexexe dim vevie tso Richard Drax, si nye Britaintɔwo ƒe Sewɔtakpekpe me tɔ kesinɔtɔ aɖe gbɔ. Esia le alea elabena tɔgbuia ƒo wo ɖokui ɖe kluvinyenye me. Domenyinu vevi aɖe gakpɔtɔ le Drax ƒomea si le Barbados, eye wogblɔ be Richard Drax ŋutɔ ƒe asixɔxɔ nye “pound miliɔn 150 ya teti.” Ne wogbe Dɔdzikpɔhaa ƒe biabia be woagbugbɔ Drax Hall ƒe domenyinu ana Barbados la, Barbados dziɖuɖua ɖoe be yeatsɔ nyaa ayi dukɔwo dome nyamedzroƒe.[24] .[21]

Guyana

Le ƒe 2007 me la, Bharrat Jagdeo, si nye Guyana ƒe Dukplɔla ɣemaɣi, ƒoe ɖe Europa dukɔwo nu le se nu be woaxe fe ɖe woƒe gomekpɔkpɔ le kluvisitsatsa me ta. Dukplɔla Jagdeo gblɔ be togbɔ be dukɔ aɖewo lɔ̃ ɖe akpa si yewowɔ le nuɖoanyi dziŋɔ sia me dzi hã la, ehiã be "woaɖe afɔ aɖe ayi ŋgɔe ado alɔ nusiwo woatsɔ axe fe na wo."

Le esia megbe la, le ƒe 2014 me la, Guyana ƒe Sewɔtakpekpe ɖo "Guyana ƒe Nugblẽfexexe Kɔmiti." Woɖo kɔmiti sia be woagasrɔ̃ nu tso kluvinyenye ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedziwo ŋu geɖe wu eye woato dziɖuɖumegãwo ƒe didi be woaxe fe ɖe eta vɛ. [25]

Haiti

Haiti ƒe Ablɔɖe Taʋiʋli Kple Ðokuisinɔamesi ƒe Gazazã Haiti va nɔ eɖokui si tso France gbɔ le ƒe 1804 me le aʋa sesẽ aɖe si xɔ ga geɖe megbe. Togbɔ be France ɖu woƒe ablɔɖe dzi hã la, emegbe wobia tso Haiti dziɖuɖu yeyea si be wòaxe franc miliɔn 90. Wogblɔ be fe sia nye ame siwo wowɔ kluviwo ƒe agbe "fififi" (si fia be France di be woaxe fe na yewo ɖe ablɔɖe nana wo ta) kple anyigba xɔasi si wotsɔ sukli kple kɔfi agblewo wɔ viɖee la ta. France gblɔ be ehiã be woaxe fe sia be woada asi ɖe Haiti ƒe ɖokuisinɔnɔ dzi le se nu be enye dukɔ yeye.

Franseawo ƒe gadzraɖoƒewo kple Citibank kpe asi ɖe fe sia si woxe ŋu, eye Haiti va wu enu mlɔeba le ƒe 1947 me.

Yɔyɔ be Woaxe Fe Kple Hlɔ̃biabia ƒe Nyawo Le ƒe 2003 me la, Haiti ƒe Dukplɔla ɣemaɣi, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, bia tso France si be wòaxe Amerika dɔlar biliɔn 21 kple edzivɔ na Haiti. Ga home sia sɔ kple sika franc miliɔn 90 si wozi Haiti dzi be wòaxe egbea.

Emegbe Aristide gblɔ be France kple United States ɖe ye le zi dzi le amedzidzedze si kpɔ dzidzedze me. Exɔe se be wowɔ esia abe tohehe ene ɖe eƒe didi be woaxe fea ta.[26]

Jamaica

Jamaicatɔwo Bia Be Woaxe Fe Ðe Eŋu Le ƒe 2004 me la, ʋiʋlilawo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo aɖe si le Jamaica, siwo dome Rastafari-ha me tɔwo hã nɔ, bia tso wo si. Wobia tso Europa-dukɔ siwo kpɔ gome le kluvisitsatsa me si be woaxe fe ɖe Rastafaritɔ 500,000 gbugbɔgaɖo ɖe Ethiopia ta. Wobu akɔnta be esia axɔ Britaintɔwo ƒe pound biliɔn 72.5 (si ade dɔlar 150,000 na ame ɖeka). Gake Britain dziɖuɖua gbe nudidi sia.

Jamaica Dziɖuɖua ƒe Agbagbadzedze Yeyewo Le ƒe 2012 me la, Jamaica Dziɖuɖua gadze eƒe nugblẽfexexe ƒe dɔdzikpɔha gɔme ake. Wode dɔ asi na ƒuƒoƒo sia be woabu eŋu nenye be ele be Jamaica nabia tso Britain be wòaɖe kuku alo axe ga na ye ɖe akpa si wòwɔ le kluvisitsatsa me ta. Ame aɖewo siwo tsi tre ɖe nukpɔsusu sia ŋu ʋli nya be mele be Britain naxe fe ɖe eta o le akpa si wòwɔ le kluvisitsatsa ɖeɖeɖa me ta.

Emegbe le ƒe 2021 me la, Jamaica dziɖuɖua gagbugbɔ ŋku lé ɖe kluvinyenye ƒe fexexe ƒe susua ŋu ake. Nyatakakawo ɖee fia be Jamaica dziɖuɖua nɔ Britaintɔwo ƒe pound biliɔn 7 lɔƒo dim be woatsɔ axe fe ɖe nusiwo kluvinyenye gblẽ le eŋu ta. Wogblɔ be ga home sia lɔ pound miliɔn 20 siwo Britain dziɖuɖua xe na amesiwo nye kluviwo tsã va yi la ɖe eme.[27]

Moslemtɔwo ƒe xexeame

Wodo susua ɖa be woaɖo eteƒe na kluvinyenye le ŋutinya me le Moslem xexeame[28]

Le nuto si me kluviwo dzɔ tso nu

[trɔ asi le eŋu | trɔ asi le etsoƒe ŋu]

Africa

Le ƒe 1999 me la, ƒuƒoƒo aɖe si woyɔna be African World Reparations and Repatriation Truth Commission bia tso Ɣetoɖoƒedukɔwo si be woaxe dɔlar triliɔn 777 na Afrika le ƒe atɔ̃ me. Ga home ma ade dɔlar triliɔn ene 1.34 le ƒe 2023 me.

Dukɔ Ƒoƒuawo ƒe Takpekpe kple Afrikatɔwo ƒe Kpekpeɖeŋunana Le September 2001 me la, Dukɔ Ƒoƒuawo wɔ Xexeame Katã ƒe Takpekpe si Tsi Tre Ðe Ameƒomevinyenye Ŋu le Durban, South Africa. Takpekpe sia da asi ɖe tameɖoɖo kplikpaa aɖe dzi gblɔ be Ɣetoɖoƒedukɔwo nyi fe le Afrika ŋu. Woʋli nya be esia tso "ameƒomevinyenye, ameƒomevinyenye ƒe vovototodedeameme, amedzrowo ƒe fuléle, kple mɔmaɖemaɖeɖenuŋu si do ƒome kplii" si tso Atlantik-ƒua dzi kluvisitsatsa gbɔ.

Kplɔla siwo tso Afrika-dukɔ geɖe me da asi ɖe tameɖoɖo kplikpaa sia dzi. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, Ali Mohamed Osman Yassin, si nye Sudan ƒe Ʋɔnudrɔ̃nyawo Gbɔkpɔla tsã gblɔ be kluvisitsatsa gbɔe Afrika ƒe nya geɖe siwo le edzi yim fifia la tso.

Nyitsɔ laa la, South Africa Dukplɔla Cyril Ramaphosa hã ɖee fia be yeda asi ɖe nusiwo woatsɔ axe fe ɖe eta si ku ɖe kluvinyenye kple kluvisitsatsa ŋu, si nye Durban ƒe gbeƒãɖeɖea ƒe ƒe 20 lia.[29]

African Union and Caricom Global Reparation Fund

Le November 2023 me la, Afrika Dukɔwo ƒe Ðekawɔha kple CARICOM (Caribe Dukɔwo ƒe Habɔbɔ) wɔ ɖeka ɖo Xexeame Katã ƒe Ga si Woatsɔ Axe Nuwo Gbɔ le takpekpe aɖe me le Ghana.[30]

Ghana ƒe Dukplɔla, Nana Akufo-Addo, ƒo nu le takpekpea me, eye wòhe susu yi ŋusẽ gbegblẽ si kluvinyenye kpɔna ɖe ame dzi dzi. Egblɔ be, "Kluvinyenye ƒe ɣeyiɣi bliboa fia be woxe mɔ ɖe míaƒe ŋgɔyiyi, le ganyawo, dekɔnuwo, kple susu me nu." Ede dzesi ƒome siwo me mã ƒe ŋutinya manyaxlẽwo hã, eye wògblɔ be, "Màte ŋu adzidze nusiwo nublanuinya mawo gblẽna o, gake ele be woade dzesi wo."


  1. ↑ "Reparations". OHCHR. 15 December 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2025.
  2. ↑ Andrews, Kehinde (2024). "The Knife is Still in Our Backs: Reparations Washing and the Limits of Reparatory Justice Campaigns". Development and Change. 55 (4). Wiley: 628–650. doi:10.1111/dech.12848. ISSN 0012-155X.
  3. ↑ "Government apologises for the Netherlands' role in the history of slavery". Government of the Netherlands. 19 December 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  4. ↑ "UK Reparations Conference 2023 Statement". All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) for Afrikan Reparations. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  5. ↑ "1837: 1 Victoria c.3: Slavery Compensation Act". British Government. 1837. Retrieved 5 January 2023 – via The Statutes Project.
  6. ↑ "Britain's colonial shame: Slave-owners given huge payouts after abolition". National African American Reparations Commission (NAARC). 7 October 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
  7. ↑ Brown, Matthew (30 June 2020). "Fact check: United Kingdom finished paying off debts to slave-owning families in 2015". USA TODAY. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  8. ↑ "African Union - Colonialism". Colonialism Reparation. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  9. ↑ "Abuja Proclamation – Early Day Motions". edm.parliament.uk. UK Parliament. 10 May 1993. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  10. ↑ "Africa Reparations Movement (UK)". Archives Hub. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  11. ↑ Stanford-Xosei, Esther (March 2019). "The Long Road of Pan-African Liberation to Reparatory Justice". In Adi, Hakim (ed.). Black British History : New Perspectives. London: Zed. pp. 176–198. ISBN 978-1786994257.
  12. ↑ Stamp, Gavin (20 March 2007). "Counting the cost of the slave trade". BBC News news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  13. ↑ "Blair 'sorry' for UK slavery role". BBC News, 14 March 2007. Accessed 15 March 2007.
  14. ↑ Muir, Hugh (24 August 2007). "Livingstone weeps as he apologises for slavery". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
  15. ↑ Baker, Nick (11 May 2023). "These British 'heirs of slavery' are trying to make amends for past wrongs". ABC News (Australia). Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  16. ↑ "About Us". Heirs of Slavery. 26 April 2023. Archived from the original on 3 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  17. ↑ Cashin, Cheryll (21 June 2019). "Reparations for slavery aren't enough. Official racism lasted much longer". The Washington Post.
  18. ↑ Reparations Section". Black Asheville Demands (BAD). 26 June 2020. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  19. ↑ "Rapper T.I. Demands $44 Trillion in Slavery Reparations". Pulptastic. 24 July 2020.
  20. 1 2 Buser, Andreas (2017). "Colonial Injustices and the Law of State Responsibility: The CARICOM Claim to Compensate Slavery and (Native) Genocide". pp. 91–115.
  21. 1 2 Armitage, Rebecca (4 January 2023). "Benedict Cumberbatch's ancestors got rich from slavery in Barbados. Now he could be on the hook for reparations". ABC News. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  22. ↑ Anders, Wendy (October 24, 2016). "Antigua and Barbuda Asks Harvard University for Slavery Reparations". The Costa Rica Star.
  23. ↑ Manning, Sanchez (February 26, 2013). "Britain's colonial shame: Slave-owners given huge payouts after". The Independent.
  24. ↑ Lashmar, Paul; Smith, Jonathan (26 November 2022). "Barbados plans to make Tory MP pay reparations for family's slave past". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  25. ↑ "Establishment of the Reparations Committee of Guyana". Parliament of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana.
  26. ↑ Marquand, Robert (2010-08-17). "France dismisses petition for it to pay $17 billion in Haiti reparations". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2019-08-31.
  27. ↑ McLeod, Sheri-Kae (2021-07-15). "Jamaica Demands Billions in Slavery Reparations from UK". Caribbean News. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
  28. ↑ Brown, J.A.C. (2020). Slavery and Islam. Oneworld Publications.
  29. ↑ "Ramaphosa asks UN to discuss reparations for slavery". News24. 22 September 2021.
  30. ↑ Gentleman, Amelia (17 November 2023). "African and Caribbean nations agree move to seek reparations for slavery". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
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