History of Ghana

Ghana Dukɔa (si nye Sikaƒuta ɣemaɣi) ƒe nuto va yɔe le Europa kple Arabia be Ghana Fiaɖuƒe le eƒe Fiagã, Ghana ƒe dzesideŋkɔ ta.^[1] Le anyigba ƒe nɔnɔme nu la, blema Ghana Fiaɖuƒea didi abe kilometa 800 ene tso egbegbe Ghana dukɔ ƒe dziehe kple ɣetoɖoƒe gome, eye wòkpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe anyigbamamawo dzi le Sénégal Tɔsisi ƒe nuto me kple ɣedzeƒe gome ɖo ta Niger tɔsisiwo gbɔ, le egbegbe Senegal, Mauritania kple Mali.^[2] Edze abe fiaɖuƒea me gblẽ le Almoravidtɔwo^[3] ƒe Aʋafia Abu-Bakr Ibn-Umar ƒe aʋadziɖuɖu le ƒe 1076 me megbe ene. Fiaɖuƒe si dzi ɖe kpɔtɔ la yi edzi nɔ anyi le Almoravidtɔwo ƒe dziɖuɖua ƒe nuwuwu megbe, eye fiaɖuƒea va emegbe wotsɔe de Sahelia-fiaɖuƒe siwo kplɔe ɖo, abe Mali Fiaɖuƒea ene, me.^[4] Le ɣeyiɣi ma ke me lɔƒo, le Mali fiaɖuƒea ƒe dzigbe gome le egbegbe Ghana ƒe dziehe gome la, Dagbon Fiaɖuƒea do.^[5] Wowɔ ɖeka kple dukɔ siwo me woɖe mɔ ɖe nu ŋu le siwo dzi tindamba ɖu la wozu fiaɖuƒe.^[6]^[7] Fiaɖuƒe sue geɖewo ado tso Dagbon emegbe siwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye Mossi Fiaɖuƒe^[8] siwo le Burkina Faso^[9] kple Bouna Fiaɖuƒe^[10] si le Ivory Coast.^[11] Dagbon ye nye mɔɖela le Ghana ƒe nusrɔ̃ƒe gbãtɔwo, ^[12]siwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye yunivɛsitidu aɖe,^[13] kple nuŋɔŋlɔ ƒe ɖoɖo aɖe do ŋgɔ na Europatɔwo ƒe vava.^[14]

Le blemaɣeyiɣia ƒe nuwuwu lɔƒo la, nutomefiaɖuƒe gãwo va ɖo Ɣetoɖoƒe Afrika, eye wo dometɔ ɖekae nye Ghana Fiaɖuƒe, si le afisi woyɔna egbea be Ghana dukɔa ƒe dziehe gome. Hafi wòadze anyi le ƒe alafa 10 lia ƒe gɔmedzedze la, Akantɔwo ʋu yi dzigbe eye woɖo dukɔ-dukɔ geɖe ƒo xlã woƒe matriclans, siwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye Bono-dukɔ ƒe fiaɖuƒe gbãtɔ si woɖo le ƒe alafa 11 lia me eye wotsɔ ŋkɔ na Brong-Ahafo (Bono Ahafo) nutoa.^[15] Mole-Dagbontɔwo, amesiwo ɖo dunyahefiaɖuƒe gbãtɔ siwo nɔ titina le Ghana la, ʋu tso Chad-ta la me yi Ghana si li egbea. Emegbe la, wosusu be Akan towo abe Ashanti, Akwamu, Akyem, Fante nutome kple bubuawo ene anya dzɔ tso Bono dukɔa ƒe nɔƒe gbãtɔ si nɔ Bono Manso me.^[16] Ashanti fiaɖuƒea ƒe dziɖuɖu wɔ dɔ gbã abe kadodo si me mekɔ o ene eye mlɔeba abe fiaɖuƒe-fiaɖuƒe si le titina si me dɔwɔƒe deŋgɔ, si le etɔxɛ ŋutɔ, si ƒe taɖodzinue nye fiadu Kumasi.^[17]

Ŋutinya gbãtɔ

Nyatakaka bubuwo: Ghana ƒe ŋutinya gbãtɔKaka ƒe alafa 16 lia nawu enu la, to siwo nye egbegbe Ghanatɔwo ƒe akpa gãtɔ va nɔ teƒe siwo wole fifia. Tomenukuƒe siwo wokpɔ le ƒuta nutoa me ɖee fia be amewo nɔ nutoa me tso Akɔbliɣeyiɣia me ke (ƒe 2000 D.M.Ŋ. lɔƒo), gake habɔbɔ siawo siwo wotu ɖe tɔƒodede dzi la megblẽ dzesi boo aɖeke ɖi o. Tomenukulawo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ hã ɖee fia be amewo nɔ titina Ghana si le avea ƒe dziehe gome tso keke ƒe 3,000 va ɖo 4,000 enye sia.^[18]

References

[1] ttps://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195301731.013.47874

[2] ttps://www.ushistory.org/civ/7a.asp

[3] ttps://wasscehistorytextbook.com/3-islam-in-west-africa-introduction-spread-and-effects/

[4] ttps://doi.org/10.1163%2F1874-6772_seg_a27_424

[5] ttps://www.cambridge.org/core/books/lions-of-dagbon/632F3A561E8E35826A29CE53FEFF108D

[6] ttp://www.adrummerstestament.com/2/2-03_The_Origins_of_Dagbon_Before_Naa_Gbewaa.html

[7] ttps://www.cambridge.org/core/books/lions-of-dagbon/632F3A561E8E35826A29CE53FEFF108D

[8] ttps://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/africa/mossi-dagomba.htm

[9] ttps://our-ancestories.com/blogs/news/the-rise-fall-of-the-powerful-mossi-kingdoms

[10] ttps://www.britannica.com/topic/Bouna

[11] ttps://www.rezoivoire.net/ivoire/patrimoine/2403/le-royaume-koulango-de-bouna.html

[12] ttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/323228777

[13] ttp://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0021934706286905

[14] ttps://open.bu.edu/handle/2144/32937

[15] ttps://doi.org/10.14264%2Fuql.2019.711

[16] ttps://books.google.com/books?id=F3lyAAAAMAAJ

[17] ttps://doi.org/10.4337%2F9780857935991.00017

[18] McLaughlin & Owusu-Ansah (1994), "The Pre-Colonial Period".

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