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Highlife

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Highlife nye Ghanatɔwo ƒe hadzidzi ƒomevi aɖe si dzɔ tso egbegbe Ghana ƒe ƒutaduwo me le ƒe alafa 19 lia me, le eƒe ŋutinya me abe Britaintɔwo ƒe kɔnyinyi ene kple eƒe asitsamɔwo le ƒutanyigbawo dzi. Afrikatɔwo ƒe haƒoƒo kple ɣetoɖoƒedukɔwo ƒe haƒoƒo ƒe ha vovovowoe ƒo ƒu ɖe ha sia me.[1] Highlife ƒe dzesi nye kpẽwo kple gita siwo kplɔa haƒoha la kple eƒe asibidɛ eve ƒe gita ƒe atsyã si bɔ ɖe Afrika hadzidziwo me zazã.

Highlife va xɔ ŋkɔ eye ha sia kaka ɖe Ɣetoɖoƒe Afrika nutowo katã me. Mɔɖelawo abe Cardinal Rex Lawson, E.T. Mensah, Victor Uwaifo, kple wo dometɔ ɖesiaɖe wɔ ha sia wòde blibo to Afrika-ʋuƒoƒowo kple ɣetoɖoƒe "Native Blues" zazã me.[1] Le Xexemeʋa Evelia megbe la, haƒoƒo sia va xɔ ŋkɔ le Nigeria Igbowo dome, esi woxɔ ŋusẽ le wo si be woatu Igbo highlife si va zu woƒe dukɔa ƒe haƒoƒo si xɔ ŋkɔ wu le ƒe 1960-awo me.[2]

Highlife gakpɔtɔ nye hadzidzi xɔŋkɔwo ƒe akpa aɖe na Ghanatɔwo kple woƒe dukɔ bubuwo me tɔwo le xexeame godoo to eƒe ɖekawɔwɔ kple subɔsubɔhawo kple eƒe ŋusẽ nyui si wòkpɔ ɖe Ghanavi siwo ʋu dzo le wo denyigba dzi la dzi. [3] Le ƒe 2025 me la, UNESCO xɔe be enye dekɔnu siwo womate ŋu akpɔ kple ŋku o ƒe domenyinu. [4]

Ŋutinya

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Etame: clave. Ete: highlife gita ƒe akpa aɖe.

Highlife ƒe dzɔtsoƒe tso dutanyigbadziɖuɖu kple asitsatsa le Ɣetoɖoƒe Afrika to nutoawo me haƒoƒo ƒe mɔnuwo dzi.

Deha ƒe haƒoƒo

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Deha ƒe haƒoƒo, si wogayɔna le Sierra Leone be maringa, nye haƒoƒo ƒe atsyã aɖe si dzɔ le ƒuta nutowo me esime nutoa me haƒolawo dze haƒonu siwo wotsɔna ɖe asi siwo asitsalawo tsɔ vɛ zazã gɔme eye wotsɔe tsaka kple nutoa me ƒe haƒonuwo. Woƒoa ha sia le dehadzraƒe siwo le melidzeƒewo, afi si ƒudzidɔwɔlawo, melidzeƒe dɔwɔlawo, kple nutoa me tɔwo noa aha eye ɖoa to ha sia le. Palm-wine music eventually worked its way inland and a more Africanized version came containing 12/8 polyrhythms; this subgenre would be known as the "Native Blues". This style would gain popularity up until World War II when production of the records was stopped.[1]

Akɔbli-ha ƒe highlife

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Enye highlife ƒe atsyã aɖe si ɖi ɣetoɖoƒetɔwo ƒe akɔbliha siwo le Europa ƒe mɔ̃ sesẽwo me le Ɣetoɖoƒe Afrika katã. Asrafowo zãa haƒola siwo le nutoa me le woƒe akɔblihawo ƒe hatsotsowo me eye wofia wo haƒoƒo si wotsɔna zɔa mɔe le fli me. Esi haƒola siawo kpɔ alesi Ɣetoɖoƒe Indiatɔwo ƒe asrafoha ƒe haƒoha me tɔwo srɔ̃a dekɔnu haƒoƒo le woƒe vovoɣiwo vɔ la, eʋã wo be woawɔ nenema ke. Alesi wotsɔ azɔlizɔzɔ le fli me ƒe hadzidzi kple nutoa me hadzidzi siwo ƒe gbeɖiɖi le vovovo la tsaka wɔe be woɖu ɣe si woyɔna be adaha, kpakple atsyã aɖe si me woƒona haƒonu siwo mexɔ asi boo o, siwo woyɔna be konkoma hã le. Ðekawɔwɔ sia sɔ kple jazz haƒoƒo ƒe dzidzi le New Orleans. [1]

Ɣeɖuɖu kple gita haƒoha highlife

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Le ƒe 1920 awo me la, Ghana haƒolawo tsɔ dutatɔwo ƒe hawo abe foxtrot kple calypso kpe ɖe Ghana hawo abe osibisaba (Fante) ŋu. Highlife nɔ kadodo me kple Afrikatɔwo ƒe amegãwo siwo nɔ anyi le dutanyigbadziɖuɖu ƒe ɣeyiɣia me, eye haƒoha geɖe siwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye Jazz Kings, Cape Coast Sugar Babies, kple Accra Orchestra ƒoe le dukɔa ƒe ƒuta.[2] Ameƒome kɔkɔ siwo kpɔa dzidzɔ ɖe hadzidzia ŋu le club tiatia aɖewo me la tsɔ ŋkɔ na hadzidzia. Xeɖuha ƒe kplɔla Yebuah Mensah ( E. T. Mensah nɔviŋutsu tsitsitɔ) gblɔ na John Collins le ƒe 1973 me be nya 'highlife' do le ƒe 1920 ƒe ƒeawo ƒe gɔmedzedze "be enye nya si wozãna tsɔ ɖea gbeƒomɔ̃ dzi ha siwo haƒola siwo nye Jazz Kings, Cape Coast Sugar Babies, Sekondi Nanshamang kple emegbe Accra Orchestra ƒona le clubwo me la fiana. Nanshamang kple emegbe Accra Orchestra. Ame siwo nɔ gota la yɔe be highlife elabena womeɖo srɔ̃tɔ siwo yina ɖe eme ƒe ɖoƒe gbɔ o, eye menye ɖeko wòhiã be woaxe mɔxeɖenufe gã si ade 7s 6d (shilling adre kple pence ade) ko o, ke ele be woado awu si sɔ nyuie le fiẽ me, eye ne woate ŋui la, woado kukuwo hã". [5]

Wogblɔ be Jacob Asare (si wogayɔna be Kwame Asare alo Jacob Sam) ye nye Ghana haƒola gbãtɔ si ŋlɔ highlife ha. Le June 1928 me la, eya kple eƒe ƒuƒoƒo, Kumasi Trio, ɖe "Yaa Amponsah" (Amponsah Akpa I & II) ɖe go le London na Zonophone haƒoha. Ame geɖe bua haƒoƒo siawo be wonye Ghanatɔwo ƒe gita-haƒoha ƒe highlife ƒe kpɔɖeŋu gbãtɔwo. [6] [7] [8] Tso ƒe 1930-awo me la, highlife kaka to Ghana dɔwɔlawo dzi yi Sierra Leone, Liberia, Nigeria kple Gambia kpakple Ɣetoɖoƒe Afrika dukɔ bubuwo me, afisi haƒoƒoa va xɔ ŋkɔ le kabakaba.

Amekpekpe na kɔnsɛt aɖe si me Louis Armstrong "tso Amerika" kple E. T. Mensah kpakple eƒe Tempos Band anɔ.

Le ƒe 1940-awo me la, hadzidzia ma ɖe akpa eve me: ɣeɖuha highlife kple gita haƒoha highlife. Guitar ha highlife nye haƒoha suewo eye le gɔmedzedzea me ya teti la, ebɔ wu le kɔƒenutowo me. Le haƒonu siwo ŋu ka le abe seprewa ene ƒe ŋutinya le nutoa me ta la, edzɔa dzi na hadzilawo be wotsɔ gita la de eme. Wozã dagomba ƒe atsyã hã, si wodo tso Kru ƒudzidela siwo tso Liberia gbɔ, tsɔ wɔ highlife ƒe asibidɛ eve tiatia ƒe atsyã. Guitar band highlife hã nye hadzidzi, kpẽkuku kple claves. E. K. Nyame kple eƒe Akan Trio kpe asi ɖe gita haƒoha ƒe highlife ŋu wòxɔ ŋkɔ, [9] eye woaɖe haƒogbalẽ siwo wu 400 ɖe go le Nyame ƒe agbenɔɣi. [2] To vovo na ema la, ɣeɖuha ƒe highlife ƒo ke ɖe to ɖe dugãwo me wu. Le aʋa megbe ɣeyiɣia me la, wodze ɣeɖuha gãwo ɖɔliɖɔli gɔme kple ɣeɖuha sue siwo nye dɔnyala bibiwo, siwo ƒe kpɔɖeŋue nye E. T. Mensah kple Tempos ƒe dzidzedzekpɔkpɔ. Esi duta asrafowo nɔ dzodzom la, nyasela vevitɔwo va zu Ghanatɔwo geɖe wu, eye haƒoƒoa trɔ be wòasɔ ɖe woƒe didi nu. Mensah ƒe ŋkɔxɔxɔ dzi ɖe edzi ŋutɔ esi wòfe kple Louis Armstrong le Accra le May 1956 me, eye mlɔeba la, exɔ megbeŋkɔ, "King of Highlife". [2] Ame vevi aɖe hã tso ƒe 1950-awo me enye hadzila King Bruce, amesi nye haƒoha ƒe ŋgɔnɔla na Black Beats. Haƒoha gbãtɔ bubu aɖewoe nye, Red Spots, Rhythm Aces, Ramblers kple Broadway-Uhuru.

Ghanatɔwo ƒe amedzrowo

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Ganyawo ƒe kuxiwo na Ghanatɔwo geɖe ʋu yi teƒe bubuwo le ƒe 1960-awo me nɔ mɔnukpɔkpɔ geɖe dim eye le dunyahehe ƒe malikenyenye megbe le ƒe 1970 kple 1980 ƒeawo me la, ana ame geɖe kple hadzila xɔŋkɔ geɖewo nadzo eye woado ƒuƒoƒowo le ɣetoɖoƒe gome eye Germany nye teƒe si wodi wu le eƒe ʋuʋu yi dukɔ bubuwo me ƒe se siwo me woɖe dzi ɖi le ta.

Burger ƒe highlife

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Ghanatɔ siwo le Germany to highlife ƒe atsyã aɖe si tsɔ haƒoƒo ƒomevi sia tsaka kple funk, disko, kple synth-pop. Woxɔe se be woyɔe be burger highlife elabena Ghanatɔwo ƒe nuto gãtɔwo nɔ Hamburg. Hadzidzi sia va do ƒome kple amedzro siwo zɔa mɔ tso Germany yia Ghana. Azɔ hã, woava ɖee gɔme to egbegbe mɔ̃ɖaŋununya zazã me; kaka ƒe 1990 ƒeawo nawu enu la, elektrɔnik dɔwɔnuwo koe wozãna.

Nyanyui ƒe highlife

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Wobu gospel highlife be enye haƒoƒo siwo xɔ ŋkɔ wu le Ghanatɔwo kple dukɔmevi siwo le duta siaa dome la dometɔ ɖeka, eye wòxɔ ŋgɔ na burger highlife le esi wòte ŋu trɔa asi le mawusubɔsubɔ kple hadomegbenɔnɔ ƒe vovototo ŋu ta. Haƒomevi sia sɔ kple burger highlife gake eƒe gbɔgbɔ tso Charismatic Christianity kple Pentecostalism gbɔ. Eƒe vevienyenye le nutoawo me tso subɔsubɔha la ƒe ŋutete be wòana hadome kple dekɔnu ƒe xɔtuɖoɖowo Ghanatɔ siwo le Germany la gbɔ.

Jazz le Ghana

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Ƒe 1950-awo me

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E. T. Mensah kple Kofi Ghanaba nye hadzila veviwo le Ghana. Tso ƒe 1950 ƒe nuwuwu lɔƒo la, jazz hadzila xɔŋkɔwo dze Ghana sasrãkpɔ gɔme, abe Ahmad Jamal kple Louis Armstrong siwo ƒo ha le Ghana (ƒe 1956 kple 1960). Armstrong ƒe All Stars me tɔ Edmond Hall va Ghana le ƒe 1959 me be yeaɖo jazz haƒoha si anɔ anyi ɣeyiɣi kpui aɖe ko ɖe Accra.

Guy Warren nye hadzila ɖedzesi ɖeka si ƒo ha kple E. T. Mensah kple Tempos hafi ʋu yi Amerika eye wòwɔ dɔ kple hadzilawo abe Red Saunders ene tsɔ lé haƒogbalẽ si nye Africa Speaks, America Answers, eye wòƒo ha kple Duke Ellington le Chicago hena ɣeyiɣi kpui aɖe. Wogblɔ be Warren to highlife vɛ le United States le agbagbadzedze be yeana Afrika-Amerika hadzilawo nagaɖo kadodo me kple Afrika ƒe hadzidziwo, elabena Afrikatɔwo ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi ɖe Afro-Amerika hadzidzi dzi ƒe sidzedze menɔ anyi hafi "Afrika hadzidzi ƒe gbugbɔgadzɔ" si va le ƒe '50 awo ƒe nuwuwu o. [10]

Hadzidzi ƒe kpɔɖeŋuwo

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Dzɔtsoƒe: [11]

  • Pianoƒola Randy Weston ŋlɔ haƒogbalẽ aɖe si woyɔna be Highlife le ƒe 1963 me, si me Haƒola siwo tso Ɣetoɖoƒe Afrika siwo nye Bobby Benson ("Niger Mambo") kple Guy Warren (Kofi Ghanaba) ("Lɔlɔ̃ ƒe Nya Ɣaɣla") ƒe hawo le.
  • Saxophonist Pharoah Sanders ŋlɔ ha aɖe si nye "High Life" ɖe Rejoice (1981) dzi.
  • Haƒola Sonny Sharrock ƒe ha si nye "Highlife" le eƒe album si nye ŋkɔ ma ke (1990).
  • Craig Harris (trombone) ƒe ha si nye "High Life" le eƒe album F-Stops (1993) me.

List of References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 https://www.jstor.org/stable/931273
  2. 1 2 3 4 https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00salm
  3. ↑ https://worldcat.org/oclc/900017261
  4. ↑ https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20251217-ghana-s-highlife-finds-its-rhythm-on-unesco-world-stage
  5. ↑ Collins, John (1986). E. T. Mensah: King of Highlife. London: Off The Record Press. p. 10.
  6. ↑ https://african-research.com/research/music/legends-of-ghanaian-highlife-music-kwame-asare-jacob-sam-1903-1950s/
  7. ↑ https://www.scribd.com/document/863564238/TheEarlyHistoryofMusicRecordinginGhana
  8. ↑ https://www.afrisson.com/1928-jacob-sam-kumasi-trio-10854/
  9. ↑ Musicmakers of West 1985 publisher Lynne Rienner Publishers ISBN 978-0-89410-075-8
  10. ↑ https://dx.doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674065246
  11. ↑ https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/jazz-ghana
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