Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒe

Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒe si le London nye dutoƒo blemanudzraɖoƒe si me woƒoa nu tso amegbetɔ ƒe ŋutinya, aɖaŋudɔwo, kple dekɔnuwo ŋu le. Nudzraɖoƒe gãtɔ kekeake le xexeame, si me nu miliɔn enyi le, siwo gblɔ amegbetɔwo ƒe dekɔnuwo tso blema vaseɖe egbea. Woɖo blemanudzraɖoƒe sia le ƒe 1753 me, si wɔe be wònye dukɔa ƒe blemanudzraɖoƒe gbãtɔ ŋutɔ. Le ƒe 2023 me la, ame siwo ade miliɔn 5.8 ye va blemanudzraɖoƒea, si nye dzidziɖedzi 42% tso ƒe si do ŋgɔ me. Ƒuƒoƒo aɖewo yɔe gɔ̃ hã be enye teƒe si tsaɖilawo lɔ̃a yiyi wu le United Kingdom.

Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒea dze egɔme kple nusiwo Aƒetɔ Hans Sloane, si nye Anglo-Ireland ɖɔkta kple dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala ƒo ƒu. Woʋui zi gbãtɔ na amewo le ƒe 1759 me le Montagu Xɔ me, afisi blemanudzraɖoƒea gakpɔtɔ le egbea. Le ƒe 250 kple edzivɔ me la, blemanudzraɖoƒea dzi ɖe edzi ŋutɔ, eye nusiwo woxɔ le Britaintɔwo ƒe dutanyigbadziɖuɖu me gbɔe wòtso koŋ. Dzidziɖedzi sia na wowɔ blemanudzraɖoƒe bubuwo, abe Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinya Blemanudzraɖoƒe le ƒe 1881 me, si do tso Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒe gbɔ ene. Nu xɔŋkɔ aɖewo, abe Helatɔwo ƒe Elgin Marbles kple Egiptetɔwo ƒe Rosetta Kpe ene, le nyaʋiʋli siwo yi edzi kple nya siwo wogblɔna be yewoatrɔ ayi yewo dedukɔ me la ƒe titina.

Le ƒe 1973 me la, Britaintɔwo ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒea va zu dɔwɔƒe si le eɖokui si, togbɔ be enɔ xɔ ɖeka me kple blemanudzraɖoƒea vaseɖe ƒe 1997. Blemanudzraɖoƒea nye dukɔa ƒe habɔbɔ si dziɖuɖua ƒe Dekɔnuwo, Nyadzɔdzɔgblɔmɔnuwo, Kple Kamedefefewo Gbɔkpɔƒe do alɔe. Abe dukɔa ƒe blemanudzraɖoƒe siwo katã le Eŋlisiawo ene la, woate ŋu age ɖe eme femaxee, negbe ɣeyiɣi kpui aɖe ƒe ɖeɖefia tɔxɛwo koe.

Nyadzɔdzɔ

Sir Hans Sloane

Woɖo Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒea abe "xexeame katã ƒe blemanudzraɖoƒe," si fia be eƒe taɖodzinue nye be yeaƒo nusianu nu ƒu, togbɔ be egbea wonyae koŋ ɖe aɖaŋudɔwo kple blemanuwo ta hã. Eƒe gɔmedzedze tso Aƒetɔ Hans Sloane, si nye ɖɔkta kple dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala si tso London ƒe lɔlɔ̃nu faa me. Le Sloane ƒe agbemeŋkekewo katã me, vevietɔ esi wòɖe ahosi kesinɔtɔ aɖe vɔ la, eƒo nu dodzidzɔname gbogbo aɖewo nu ƒu. Be eƒe nudzraɖoƒea nanɔ ɖeka le eƒe ku megbe la, etsɔe na Fia George II na dukɔa hena pound 20,000, si mede eƒe asixɔxɔ si wobu be enye pound 50,000 ya teti nu kura o.

Sloane ƒe nudzraɖoƒewo lolo ŋutɔ, eye nu siwo ade 71,000 ye nɔ eme. Esia lɔ agbalẽ siwo wota siwo ade 40,000, nuŋlɔɖi siwo wotsɔ asi ŋlɔ 7,000, dzɔdzɔmeŋutinya ƒe kpɔɖeŋu geɖe (abe numiemie ƒuƒu babla 337 ene), nutalawo abe Albrecht Dürer ene ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo, kple blemanuwo tso Sudan, Egipte, Hela, Roma, Titina kple Ɣedzeƒe Ʋĩ, kpakple Amerika.

Gɔmeɖoanyi (1753) .

Le June 7, 1753 dzi la, Fia George II da asi ɖe se si wɔ Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒea le se nu la dzi. Se sia gatsɔ agbalẽdzraɖoƒe eve bubuwo kpe ɖe Sloane ƒe nudzraɖoƒe ŋu: Cottonian Agbalẽdzraɖoƒe, si Aƒetɔ Robert Cotton ƒo ƒu, si nɔ anyi tso Elizabeth ƒe ɣeyiɣiwo me ke, kple Harleian Agbalẽdzraɖoƒe, si nye Earls of Oxford tɔ. Le ƒe 1757 me la, "Fia ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒe Xoxo," si woyɔna fifia be Fia ƒe asinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽwo, va kpe ɖe wo ŋu. Agbalẽ xɔasi geɖe siwo le Britaintɔwo ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒea si fifia, abe Lindisfarne Nyanyuigbalẽawo kple Beowulf ƒe asinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽ ɖeka kolia si gakpɔtɔ li ene, nɔ nuƒoƒoƒu gbãtɔ ene siawo me.

Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒea nye nu yeye elabena eyae nye dukɔa ƒe blemanudzraɖoƒe gbãtɔ—si menye sɔlemeha alo fia tɔ o—si woʋu ɖi na amesiame femaxee eye eƒe taɖodzinue nye be woaƒo nu ƒomevi ɖesiaɖe nu ƒu. Togbɔ be nu vovovo geɖe nɔ Sloane ƒe nudzraɖoƒea hã la, eƒe didi vevie le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me koŋue wòɖe fia. Cotton kple Harley ƒe asinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽawo tsɔtsɔ kpe ɖe eŋu na wova nɔ susu hem yi agbalẽwo kple blemanuwo dzi, si wɔe be Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒea zu dukɔa ƒe blemanudzraɖoƒe kple agbalẽdzraɖoƒe siaa.

Ƒe Gbãtɔwo (1753–1778).

Blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒe dɔdzikpɔkɔmiti tso nya me be yewoaƒle Montagu Xɔ, si nye ƒe alafa 17 lia me xɔ gã si wogbugbɔ trɔ la, ɖe pound 20,000 nu. Wotiae wu Buckingham Xɔ (si va zu Buckingham Fiasã emegbe) elabena eƒe asi bɔbɔ wu eye eƒe teƒe nyo wu.

Esi wokpɔ Montagu Xɔa ta la, woʋu ɖeɖefiaxɔ gbãtɔwo kple agbalẽnyalagãwo ƒe nuxexlẽxɔ le January 15, 1759. Le ɣeyiɣi sia me la, nudzraɖoƒea ƒe akpa gãtɔe nye agbalẽdzraɖoƒea, si xɔ anyigbaxɔdzoa ƒe xɔ akpa gãtɔ, kple dzɔdzɔmeŋutinya me nu siwo yɔ aʋala blibo aɖe me le dzisasrã gbãtɔ dzi. Le ƒe 1763 me la, blemanudzraɖoƒea haya Daniel Solander, si nye Carl Linnaeus ƒe nusrɔ̃vi tsã, be wòatsɔ Linnaeus ƒe hatsotsowo me toto ƒe ɖoɖoa agbugbɔ aɖo dzɔdzɔmeŋutinya nudzraɖoƒea. Esia na blemanudzraɖoƒea zu nusrɔ̃ƒe vevi aɖe na dzɔdzɔmeŋutinyaŋlɔlawo le Europa katã. Le ƒe 1823 me la, Fia George IV tsɔ fofoa George III ƒe agbalẽdzraɖoƒe na, eye Sewɔtakpekpea na gome blemanudzraɖoƒea be wòaxɔ agbalẽ ɖesiaɖe si wota le dukɔa me ƒe ɖeka, si ana woakpɔ egbɔ be eƒe agbalẽdzraɖoƒea ayi edzi anɔ dzidzim ɖe edzi. Esi woɖo Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒea teti la, wogaxɔ nunana bubuwo, siwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye Thomason Collection of English Civil War documents kple David Garrick ƒe agbalẽdzraɖoƒe si me fefe 1,000 le. Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinya, agbalẽwo, kple asinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽwo ƒe susu va nɔ tɔtrɔm le ƒe 1772 me esime blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒle eƒe blemanu ɖedzesi gbãtɔwo: Aƒetɔ William Hamilton ƒe Helatɔwo ƒe vase siwo wòƒo ƒu xɔ pound 8,410.

Kuxi Gbãtɔwo Kple Dzidziɖedzi (1778–1800) .

Tso ƒe 1778 me la, Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒea tsɔ nusiwo Kapitan James Cook kple anyigbayeyedila bubuwo tsɔ vɛ tso woƒe mɔzɔzɔwo me le xexeame godoo la ɖeɖefia lé amedzrowo, si na wokpɔ anyigba siwo womenya tsã o. Agbalẽwo, kpe xɔasi siwo wokpa, gakuwo, agbalẽtatawo, kple nutata siwo Clayton Mordaunt Cracherode na le ƒe 1800 me na blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒe ŋkɔ nyo ɖe edzi ŋutɔ. Gake xɔ gbãtɔ si nye Montagu Xɔa nɔ xaxam ɖe edzi eye wònɔ gbagbãm, si na wòdze ƒã be mate ŋu akpɔ dzidziɖedzi si ava le etsɔme gbɔ o.

Blemanuwo ƒe nu vevi gbãtɔ si wotsɔ kpe ɖe blemanudzraɖoƒea ŋu tso esime woɖoe anyi la tso Aƒetɔ William Hamilton, si nye Britaintɔwo ƒe Dutanyanyuigblɔla le Naples gbɔ. Le ƒe 1784 me la, edzra Helatɔwo kple Romatɔwo ƒe nu siwo wòƒo ƒu, kpakple blemanu bubuwo kple dzɔdzɔmeŋutinya ƒe kpɔɖeŋuwo na blemanudzraɖoƒea. Nu ɖedzesi ɖeka si le eƒe nudzraɖoƒee nye "Apollo ƒe Afɔ Gã aɖe le Marble me," si ƒe nɔnɔmetata nutala aɖe gɔ̃ hã tae nɛ.

Kekeɖenudɔ Kple Nu Vevi Siwo Xɔ (1800–1825) .

Le ƒe 1800 ƒeawo ƒe gɔmedzedze la, blemanudzraɖoƒea dze eƒe kpememe gbogboawo tutu gɔme, eye Helatɔwo, Romatɔwo, kple Egiptetɔwo ƒe asinudɔwɔwɔwo va zu nusiwo ŋu wotsia dzi ɖo vevie le eƒe blema ɖeɖefiawo me. Esi Britaintɔwo ɖu Franseawo dzi le Nil-tɔsisia ƒe aʋawɔwɔ me le ƒe 1801 me la, Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒea va su Egiptetɔwo ƒe kpememe geɖe wu. Le ƒe 1802 me la, Fia George III tsɔ Rosetta Kpe si le vevie ŋutɔ na nuŋɔŋlɔ siwo wotsɔa nuŋlɔtsi wɔe gɔmesese. Nunana kple nusiwo woƒle tso Henry Salt, Britaintɔwo ƒe alɔdzedɔwɔƒegã le Egipte gbɔ, tso Ramesses II ƒe nɔnɔmetata gã si woɖe le ƒe 1818 me dzi, ɖo gɔmeɖoanyi na blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒe Egiptetɔwo ƒe nɔnɔmetata gãwo nuƒoƒoƒu. Helatɔwo ƒe kpememe geɖe kplɔe ɖo, vevietɔ Charles Towneley ƒe nudzraɖoƒe (si ƒe akpa gãtɔ nye Romatɔwo ƒe kpememewo) le ƒe 1805 me, si woɖe fia le blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒe ɖeɖefiaƒe gbãtɔ si wotu ɖe ɖoɖo nu. Le ƒe 1806 me la, Thomas Bruce, si nye Elgin ƒe Fiavi 7 lia eye wònye Ottoman Fiaɖuƒea ƒe amedɔdɔ, tsɔ kpe xɔasi gbogbo aɖewo siwo wotsɔ kpe xɔasiwo wɔe le Parthenon si le Athens eye wòtsɔ wo va Eŋlisiawo. Le ƒe 1816 me la, wode se aɖe, eye Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒea xɔ Ɣetoɖoƒetɔwo ƒe aɖaŋudɔ ɖedzesi siawo le se nu. Wogadzi nuƒoƒoƒuawo ɖe ŋgɔ le ƒe 1815 me kple Bassae frieze si tso Phigaleia, Greece. Blema Ɣedzeƒe Tetetɔwo ƒe nuƒoƒoƒu hã dze egɔme le ƒe 1825 me esime woƒle Asiriatɔwo kple Babilontɔwo ƒe blemanuwo tso Mary Mackintosh Rich, si nye Asiriatɔwo ŋuti nusɔsrɔ̃ ŋuti nunyala bibi aɖe, Claudius James Rich, ƒe ahosi gbɔ.

Le ƒe 1802 me la, woɖo kɔmiti aɖe be woawɔ ɖoɖo ɖe blemanudzraɖoƒea kekeɖenudɔa ŋu. Teƒe geɖe ƒe hiahiã va gadze ƒã wu esi wotsɔ Fia George III ŋutɔ ƒe agbalẽdzraɖoƒe si me agbalẽ 65,000, agbalẽvi 19,000, anyigbatatawo, nɔnɔmetatawo, kple anyigbatatawo le la na le ƒe 1822 me. Wobia tso Aƒetɔ Robert Smirke, si nye xɔtuɖaŋunyala si wonya ɖe eƒe blema atsyã ta si be wòawɔ ɣedzeƒe kekeɖenudɔ aɖe na blemanudzraɖoƒea be Fiaɖuƒea ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒea kple nɔnɔmetatawo ƒe xɔ aɖe nanɔ etame. Edo xɔ si le dzogoe ene me si míekpɔna egbea ƒe akpa gãtɔ ƒe susu ɖa. Wogbã Montagu Xɔ xoxo si nɔ gbegblẽm la, eye wodze Fia ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒea tutu gɔme le ƒe 1823. Wowu Ɣedzeƒe Aʋala la tutu nu le ƒe 1831. Gake esi woɖo Dukɔa ƒe Nukpɔƒe si le London le ƒe 1824 me vɔ la, womegahiã nɔnɔmetatawo ƒe xɔ si ŋu wowɔ ɖoɖo ɖo la o, eye wozã dzisasrã ma si le etame la boŋ tsɔ ƒo dzɔdzɔmeŋutinya nu ƒu.

Wota mɔfiame gbãtɔ si ku ɖe Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒea ŋu, si ƒo nu tso emenyawo kple alesi woɖea nuwo fiana xɔ ɖesiaɖe ŋu, le ƒe 1808 me, eye woɖea tɔtrɔ yeyewo ɖe go ƒe ʋɛ aɖewo ɖesiaɖe.

Xɔtuɖaŋu Gãwo Kple Nu Yeye Siwo Ŋu Woke ɖo (ƒe 1825–1850)

Esi Aƒetɔ Robert Smirke ƒe xɔ yeye gã la va nɔ nɔnɔme xɔm vivivi la, blemanudzraɖoƒea va zu xɔtuƒe gã aɖe. Wowu Fia ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒe si le East Wing ƒe anyigbaxɔdzo dzi la nu le ƒe 1827 me eye wobui be enye xɔ dzeanitɔwo kekeake dometɔ ɖeka le London. Togbɔ be womeʋui na amewo bliboe o vaseɖe ƒe 1857 me hã la, wowɔ ɖoɖo ɖe ekpɔkpɔ tɔxɛwo ŋu le Ƒe 1851 ƒe Nukpɔkpɔ Gã la me.

Le ƒe 1840 me la, blemanudzraɖoƒea va kpɔ gome le eƒe dutanyigbakuku gbãtɔ me kple Charles Fellows ƒe mɔzɔzɔ yi Xanthos le Asia Sue. Esia na blema Likia dziɖulawo ƒe yɔdo siwo susɔ, siwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye Nereid kple Payava ƒe ŋkuɖodzikpewo. Le ƒe 1857 me la, Charles Newton ke ɖe ƒe alafa 4 lia D.M.Ŋ. Le ƒe 1840 kple 1850 ƒeawo katã me la, blemanudzraɖoƒea do alɔ tomenukuku siwo A.H. Layard kple ame bubuwo to le Asiria le teƒewo abe Nimrud kple Niniwe ene. Nusi me nudzraɖoƒedzikpɔlawo tsɔ ɖe le vevie enye alesi wova ke ɖe Ashurbanipal ƒe agbalẽdzraɖoƒe gã si me anyikpe siwo dzi woŋlɔ nu ɖo la ŋu mlɔeba, si wɔe be blemanudzraɖoƒea va zu Asiriatɔwo ƒe nusɔsrɔ̃ ƒe teƒe vevi aɖe.

Aƒetɔ Thomas Grenville, si nye blemanudzraɖoƒedzikpɔla tso ƒe 1830 me, tu agbalẽdzraɖoƒe si me agbalẽ 20,240 le, eye wògblẽ wo ɖe blemanudzraɖoƒea le eƒe domenyinumãgbalẽ me. Agbalẽawo va ɖo le January 1847 me, eye wotsɔ wo yi tasiaɖam blaeve vɔ ɖeka siwo sɔwo hea me. Teƒe ɖeka kolia si li na agbalẽdzraɖoƒe gã siae nye xɔ aɖe si ŋu wowɔ ɖoɖo ɖo gbã na asinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽwo, si le mɔ gã la kple Asinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽwo ƒe Dɔwɔƒea dome. Agbalẽ siawo nɔ afima vaseɖe esime Britaintɔwo ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒea ʋu yi St Pancras le ƒe 1998 me.

Xexeame Katã ƒe Nudzraɖoƒewo ƒe Kekeɖenudɔwɔwɔ (ƒe 1850–1875) .

Blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒe ŋgɔgbe xɔxɔnu ʋuʋu le ƒe 1852 me nye esime wowu Robert Smirke ƒe ƒe 1823 ƒe nɔnɔmetata gbãtɔa nu. Gake ehiã be woawɔ asitɔtrɔwo xoxo be woakpɔ nusiwo woƒo ƒu ƒe dzidziɖedzi si womenɔ mɔ kpɔm na o gbɔ. Wotu nutataɖeƒe yeyewo na Asiriatɔwo ƒe kpememewo, eye woʋu Sydney Smirke ƒe Nuxexlẽxɔ Goglo si wowɔ be agbalẽ miliɔn ɖeka nanɔ eme le ƒe 1857. Le teƒe ƒe seɖoƒe si yi edzi ta la, wotso nya me be woaɖe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinya nudzraɖoƒeawo ayi xɔ yeye aɖe me le South Kensington, si ava zu Britaintɔwo ƒe Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinya Blemanudzraɖoƒe emegbe.

Le ɣeyiɣi si me wotu xɔ yeye sia me lɔƒo la, Italytɔ agbalẽdzraɖoƒedzikpɔla aɖe si ŋkɔe nye Anthony Panizzi, si woyɔna ɣeaɖewoɣi be Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒea "ɖola evelia" la nɔ dɔ wɔm. Le eƒe mɔfiafia te la, Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒe ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒe (si nye Britaintɔwo ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒea ƒe akpa aɖe fifia) dzi ɖe edzi zi gbɔ zi atɔ̃ wu eƒe lolome gbãtɔ eye wòva zu dɔwɔƒe si ŋu wowɔ ɖoɖo ɖo nyuie si dze be woayɔe be dukɔa ƒe agbalẽdzraɖoƒe, eye wòva zu agbalẽdzraɖoƒe gãtɔ kekeake le xexeame le Dukɔa ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒe si le Paris megbe. Wobu titinaxɔ si le ʋuʋu ɖi le Smirke ƒe nɔnɔme nu be enye teƒe si wogblẽ, eye le Panizzi ƒe biabia nu la, Nuxexlẽxɔ si le dzogoe ene me si wotsɔ gayibɔ ƒo, si ƒe nɔnɔmetata Smirke nɔviŋutsu, Sydney Smirke, wɔ la yɔe fũ.

Vaseɖe ƒe 1800 ƒeawo ƒe domedome la, nusiwo woƒo ƒu le blemanudzraɖoƒea mesɔ gbɔ vie o. Gake le ƒe 1851 me, esi wohaya Augustus Wollaston Franks be wòakpɔ nudzraɖoƒeawo dzi la, blemanudzraɖoƒea dze Britaintɔwo kple Europatɔwo ƒe titinaɣeyiɣiwo me blemanuwo, nusiwo do ŋgɔ na ŋutinya me nuwo nuƒoƒoƒu gɔme zi gbãtɔ, eye wòdze alɔdzewo dodo gɔme ɖe Asia, eye wòna eƒe dekɔnunuwo ƒe nuƒoƒoƒu tso ame vovovowo me hã to vovo. Dzidzedzekpɔkpɔ gã aɖe si blemanudzraɖoƒea kpɔe nye be Blacas Fiavi la ƒe blemanu gbogbo siwo xɔ asi ŋutɔ la ƒle le ƒe 1867 me, togbɔ be France tsi tre ɖe eŋu hã. Woyi tomenukukuwo dzi le ƒuta, eye John Turtle Wood ke ɖe ƒe alafa 4 lia D.M.Ŋ.

Agbalẽsɔsrɔ̃ Kple Nudzɔdzɔ Veviwo (ƒe 1875–1900)

Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinya siwo woƒo ƒu nye Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒe akpa vevi aɖe vaseɖe esime woɖe wo yi Britaintɔwo ƒe Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinya Blemanudzraɖoƒe yeye (si nye Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinya Blemanudzraɖoƒe ko fifia) le South Kensington le ƒe 1887. Esi wodzo eye wowu White Wing yeyea (si dze ŋgɔ Montague Street) nu le ƒe 1884 me la, teƒe geɖe va su blemanuwo kple dekɔnunuwo ŋu, eye agbalẽdzraɖoƒea ate ŋu akeke ɖe enu. Ɣeyiɣi sia hã nye nu yeyewo abe elektrik-kaɖiwo dodo ɖe Nuxexlẽxɔa me kple ɖeɖefiaƒewo ene.

Wotsɔ William Burges ƒe aʋawɔnuwo nudzraɖoƒea na blemanudzraɖoƒea le ƒe 1881. Le ƒe 1882 me la, blemanudzraɖoƒea kpe asi ɖe Egypt Exploration Fund (si nye Habɔbɔ fifia) si le eɖokui si, si nye Britaintɔwo ƒe habɔbɔ gbãtɔ si wɔ numekuku le Egipte, ɖoɖo anyi. Nunana aɖe si Aƒenɔ Emma Turner na le ƒe 1892 me na ga tsɔ tomenukuku le Cyprus. Le ƒe 1897 me, le nudzɔla gã kple nudzraɖoƒedzikpɔla, A. W. Franks, ƒe ku megbe la, blemanudzraɖoƒea xɔ nunana gã aɖe si nye asibidɛ 3,300, ahanonoze 153, Europatɔwo ƒe anyikpe 512, Japantɔwo ƒe kpememe sue 1,500 (netsuke), Japantɔwo ƒe kotoku 850 (inro), siwo wu 30,000 agbalẽwo, kple atsyɔ̃ɖonu kple agba vovovowo, siwo dome Oxus Kesinɔnu xɔŋkɔa hã le.

Le ƒe 1898 me la, Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild dzo le blemanudzraɖoƒea si nye Waddesdon Domenyinu, si nye nudzraɖoƒe si le keklẽm tso eƒe Sigaretnoƒe Yeye si le Waddesdon Manor me. Esia nye nu dzeani 300 kloe siwo ŋu aɖaŋu kple asixɔxɔ le, siwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye atsyɔ̃ɖonu dzeaniwo, agba, enamel, nɔnɔmetatawo, ahuhɔ̃e, kple Italytɔwo ƒe zewo. Wo dometɔ aɖewoe nye Ŋu Kɔkɔe ƒe Kpeɖodzinudzraɖoƒe, si anɔ eme be wowɔe le ƒe 1390-awo me le Paris na John, Berry Fiavi. Nuƒoƒoƒu sia nɔ "Schatzkammer" ƒe atsyã me, abe kesinɔnudzraɖoƒe siwo Europa Gbɔgbɔyɔyɔ ƒe amegãwo wɔ ene. Baron Ferdinand ƒe domenyinumãgbalẽa ku ɖe nya aɖe koŋ ŋu ŋutɔ, eye wògblɔ be ele be woatsɔ nusiwo woƒo ƒu la ade xɔ tɔxɛ aɖe si woyɔna be Waddesdon Domenyinu Xɔ, si to vovo tso blemanudzraɖoƒea me nu bubuwo gbɔ, eye woadzra wo ɖo ɖe afima tegbee. Wogadea bubu nya siawo ŋu egbea, eye wotsɔa nudzraɖoƒea dana ɖe xɔ 2a me.

Ƒe Alafa Yeye, Xɔ Gãtɔ (1900–1925)

Kaka ƒe 1800 ƒeawo nawu enu la, Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒe nudzraɖoƒewo dzi ɖe edzi ale gbegbe be ɖeko eƒe xɔa nɔ sue akpa. Le ƒe 1895 me la, blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒe ŋgɔnɔlawo ƒle aƒe 69 ƒo xlã blemanudzraɖoƒea kple ɖoɖo be yewoagbã wo ahatu akpa yeyewo ƒo xlã ɣetoɖoƒe, dziehe, kple ɣedzeƒe gome. Wodze kekeɖenudɔ sia ƒe akpa gbãtɔ, si nye dziehe aʋala, tutu gɔme le ƒe 1906 me.

Le ɣeyiɣi mawo katã me la, nuƒoƒoƒuawo yi edzi nɔ kekem ɖe enu. Amedzrowo abe Emil Torday, Aurel Stein, D. G. Hogarth, Leonard Woolley, kple T. E. Lawrence nɔ nuwo nu ƒom ƒu tso Titina Afrika, Titina Asia, eye wonɔ tome kum le teƒewo abe Carchemish ene. Le ɣeyiɣi sia me lɔƒo la, J. Pierpont Morgan, si nye Amerikatɔ nudzɔla kesinɔtɔ aɖe tsɔ nu vevi geɖewo na blemanudzraɖoƒea. Esia lɔ William Greenwell ƒe blemanu siwo woƒo ƒu do ŋgɔ na ŋutinya me nuwo tso Europa katã, siwo Morgan ƒle kple pound 10,000 le ƒe 1908. Morgan hã xɔ Aƒetɔ John Evans ƒe gaku siwo woƒo ƒu ƒe akpa vevi aɖe, si viaŋutsua dzra na blemanudzraɖoƒea emegbe le ƒe 1915. Le ƒe 1918 me, le aʋawɔɣi ƒe bɔmbdada ƒe ŋɔdzi ta la, wotsɔ London Post tsɔ nuwo yi dedienɔnɔ ta Office Railway yi teƒewo abe Holborn, Wales Dukɔa ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒe, kple kɔƒenutomexɔ aɖe si te ɖe Malvern ŋu ene. Esi wogbugbɔ blemanu siawo tso nudzraɖoƒe le ƒe 1919 me la, wokpɔe be wo dometɔ aɖewo gblẽ. Esia wɔe be woɖo lãwo takpɔƒe aɖe le May 1920 me eye wòva zu dɔwɔƒe si nɔa anyi ɖaa le ƒe 1931 me, si wɔe be wònye dodokpɔxɔ xoxotɔ kekeake si le dɔ wɔm ɖaa le eƒe ƒomevi me. Le ƒe 1923 me la, Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒea xɔ amedzro siwo wu miliɔn ɖeka.

Aʋawɔɣi ƒe Kuxiwo Kple Gbugbɔgaɖɔɖowo (1925–1950)

Be blemanudzraɖoƒea nate ŋu akpɔ agbalẽ yeyewo ƒe tsiɖɔɖɔ si yia edzi ɖaa gbɔ la, etu anyigba yeye siwo ƒe akpa aɖe eye wògbugbɔ tu eƒe agbalẽdzraɖoƒewo. Le ƒe 1931 me la, aɖaŋudɔdzrala Aƒetɔ Joseph Duveen gblɔ be yeatsɔ ga atu nutataɖeƒe tɔxɛ aɖe na Parthenon ƒe kpememewo. Amerikatɔ xɔtuɖaŋunyala John Russell Pope ye wɔ aɖaŋudɔ sia, eye wowu nutataɖeƒe sia nu le ƒe 1938. Adzɔnuɖefiaxɔawo ƒe dzedzeme hã te tɔtrɔ esi wotsɔ amadede siwo me kɔ wu, siwo nye egbegbe pastel ɖɔ li Victoriatɔwo ƒe gli dzĩ dovivitiawo.

Esi George Francis Hill xɔ dzudzɔ le dɔme abe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒedzikpɔla kple Agbalẽdzraɖoƒedzikpɔlagã ene le ƒe 1936 me megbe la, John Forsdyke va xɔ dɔa.

Esi dzimaɖitsitsi ɖe Nazi Germany ŋu nɔ dzidzim ɖe edzi eye wòdze abe aʋawɔwɔ ate ŋu adzɔ ene la, blemanudzraɖoƒea dzikpɔla, Forsdyke, kpɔe be ehiã be yewoakpɔ yewoƒe nu xɔasitɔ kekeake ta tso yameʋu siwo ate ŋu adze yewo dzi, si wòkpɔ mɔ be avɔ̃ɖi wu esiwo le Xexemeʋa I me sãsãsã. Le ɣeyiɣi ma ke me la, edze teƒe siwo le dedie na nuƒoƒoƒuawo didi gɔme. Le ɖoɖo sia ta la, blemanudzraɖoƒea te ŋu tsɔ nu tiatia aɖewo yi teƒe bubu kabakaba le August 24, 1939 dzi—le ŋkeke ɖeka pɛ ko le dziɖuɖua ƒe aɖaŋuɖoɖo na wo megbe—be woatsɔ akpɔ anyigbaxɔdzowo, kɔƒenutowo me xɔwo, Aldwych Tomemɔ Dzeƒe, kple Wales Dukɔa ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒea ta. Emegbe wogaɖe nu geɖe tso teƒe siawo siwo wodzra ɖo le gɔmedzedzea me le ƒe 1942 ƒe gɔmedzedze yi teƒe yeye aɖe si wodzra ɖo le Westwood Quarry le Wiltshire. Woɖe amewo le teƒe sia le ɣeyiɣi nyuitɔ dzi, elabena bɔmbdada gblẽ nu le Duveen Nukpɔƒea ŋutɔ ŋu vevie le ƒe 1940. Enyo be míade dzesii be hafi aʋaa nadze egɔme la, Nazitɔwo dɔ numekula aɖe ɖe Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒe ƒe geɖe be wòawɔ “Englo-Yudatɔwo ƒe ŋutinya si tsi tre ɖe Yudatɔwo ŋu.”

Le aʋaa megbe la, blemanudzraɖoƒea yi edzi xɔ nusiwo tso xexeame ƒe akpa vovovowo kple esiwo tso ŋutinya me ɣeyiɣi ɖesiaɖe me. Nusiwo wotsɔ kpe ɖe eŋu siwo wɔ dɔ ɖe ame dzi wu dometɔ aɖewoe nye Mesopotamiatɔwo ƒe kesinɔnu siwo tso Ur le ƒe 2600 D.M.Ŋ (ƒe 1946). Wozã ƒe siwo kplɔ aʋaa ɖo teti tsɔ gbugbɔ nu siwo woƒo ƒu la tso woƒe teƒe siwo wokpɔ ta na eye wodzra blemanudzraɖoƒea ɖo le Blitz bɔmbdadaawo megbe. Wodze dɔ gɔme le Duveen ƒe Nukpɔƒe si gblẽ la dzadzraɖo hã ŋu.

Dutoƒonukpɔsusu Yeye (1950–1975) .

Le ƒe 1953 me la, blemanudzraɖoƒea ɖu eƒe ƒe 200 lia. Tɔtrɔ geɖewo kplɔe ɖo: woxɔ ɣeyiɣiawo katã ƒe aɖaŋuwɔla kple agbalẽtata ƒe amegã gbãtɔ le ƒe 1964 me, wodze "Xɔlɔ̃wo" habɔbɔ (na amesiwo doa alɔe) gɔme le ƒe 1968 me, woɖo Sukudede Dɔwɔƒe le ƒe 1970 me, eye woɖo agbalẽtaƒe le ƒe 1973. Le ƒe 1963 me la, se yeye aɖe to tɔtrɔwo vɛ le dɔdzikpɔkpɔ me. Eva nɔ bɔbɔe na blemanudzraɖoƒea be wòado nuwo, alesi woɖo nuteƒekpɔha lae trɔ, eye Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinya Blemanudzraɖoƒea va nɔ eɖokui si bliboe. Kaka ƒe 1959 naɖo la, wogatu Gaku Kple Medalẽwo ƒe dɔwɔƒe si tsrɔ̃ keŋkeŋ le aʋawɔɣia eye wogaʋui. Emegbe woƒe susu trɔ ɖe nutataɖeƒeawo ɖɔɖɔɖo ŋu, eye atsyã yeyewo ƒe nɔnɔmewo na wogbugbɔ trɔ asi le Robert Smirke ƒe Klasik kple Ɣedzeƒe Teƒe ƒe nutataɖeƒewo ŋu. Le ƒe 1962 me la, wogbugbɔ Duveen ƒe Nukpɔƒea ɖo anyi mlɔeba, eye wogaɖe Parthenon Kpememeawo yi eme ake, eye wogava zu blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒe titina ake.

Kaka ƒe 1970-awo naɖo la, blemanudzraɖoƒea ganɔ kekem ɖe enu ake. Woto subɔsubɔdɔ geɖe vɛ na dukɔa, eye amedzrowo ƒe xexlẽme dzi ɖe edzi. Ɣeyiɣi kpui aɖe ƒe ɖeɖefia aɖe si woyɔna be "Treasures of Tutankhamun" le ƒe 1972 me he amedzro 1,694,117, eye wòva zu esi kpɔ dzidzedze wu le Britaintɔwo ƒe ŋutinya me. Le ƒe ma ke me la, woda se si ɖo Britaintɔwo ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒea anyi, eye woma asinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽwo kple agbalẽ siwo wota nuƒoƒoƒu tso Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒea. Esia gblẽ blemanuwo ɖe blemanudzraɖoƒea; gaku, medalẽwo, kple pepa dzi ga; agbalẽtatawo kple nutatawo; kple dekɔnunuwo tso dukɔ vovovowo me. Nya vevi aɖee nye teƒe didi na agbalẽdzraɖoƒe yeye siwo woatsɔ akpe ɖe eŋu, si bia fifia be woatsɔ agbalẽdzraɖoƒe siwo didi kilometa 2.0 akpe ɖe eŋu ƒe sia ƒe. Dziɖuɖua do susua ɖa be woaɖo teƒe aɖe le St Pancras na Britaintɔwo ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒe yeyea, gake agbalẽawo medzo le blemanudzraɖoƒea o vaseɖe ƒe 1997 me.

Ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe Gã la Yi (ƒe 1975–2000) .

Esi Britaintɔwo ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒea ʋu yi eƒe teƒe yeye si le St. Pancras mlɔeba le ƒe 1998 me la, ewɔ teƒe si hiã vevie. Esia na blemanudzraɖoƒea hã te ŋu trɔ Robert Smirke ƒe ƒe alafa 19 lia me xɔ si wotu le titina xɔxɔnu ƒuƒlu la wòzu Fianyɔnu Elizabeth II ƒe Fiasã Gã. Woʋu ablɔ gã sia si woxe, si nye gãtɔ kekeake le Europa, le ƒe 2000. Tsɔ kpe ɖe eŋu la, wogbugbɔ dekɔnunuwo ƒe nudzraɖoƒe siwo woƒo ƒu tso xexeame ƒe akpa vovovowo, siwo woɖe fia le Ameƒomea ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒe hena ɣeyiɣi aɖe tso ƒe 1970 me la va nutataɖeƒe yeye siwo ŋu wotrɔ asi le etɔxɛe le blemanudzraɖoƒe gã la me le ƒe 2000 me.

Blemanudzraɖoƒea trɔ nusiwo wòƒo ƒu hã, si ɖe ɖetsɔleme yeye fia ɖe "egbegbe" nusiwo nye agbalẽtatawo, nutatawo, medalẽwo, kple atsyɔ̃ɖonuwo ŋu. Eŋutinunyalawo wɔ numekuku heƒo nuwo nu ƒu le teƒe vovovowo, siwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye New Guinea, Madagascar, Romania, Guatemala, kple Indonesia. Wowɔ tomenukuku le Ɣedzeƒe Ʋĩ, Egipte, Sudan, kple Eŋlisiawo hã. Roma Britain ƒe Weston Nukpɔƒe si woʋu le ƒe 1997 me la ɖe kesinɔnu ɣaɣla siwo ŋu woke ɖo nyitsɔ laa siwo ɖo kpe alesi gbegbe Roma Fiaɖuƒea ƒe akpa sia si dze abe ɖe mele vevie o ene la nye kesinɔtɔwo ŋutɔŋutɔ la fia. Blemanudzraɖoƒea nɔ ga dim tso ame ŋutɔ gbɔ geɖe wu hena eƒe xɔwo, nu yeye siwo wòxɔ, kple nuhiahiã bubuwo. Le ƒe 2000 me la, woda asi ɖe Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒea be enye Dukɔa ƒe Domenyinu Blemanudzraɖoƒe Nyuitɔ le Ƒea me.

Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒe Egbea

Egbea la, dzɔdzɔmeŋutinya nudzraɖoƒewo megale Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒea o, eye eƒe agbalẽwo kple asinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽwo va zu Britaintɔwo ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒe si le eɖokui si la ƒe akpa aɖe fifia. Gake blemanudzraɖoƒea gakpɔtɔ lé eƒe xexeame katã ƒe lolome me ɖe asi to blemanu siwo tsi tre ɖi na dekɔnuwo tso xexeame ƒe akpa vovovowo, blema kple egbegbe siaa, nuƒoƒoƒu me. Nu gbãtɔ siwo woƒo ƒu tso ƒe 1753 me dzi ɖe edzi ŋutɔ, eye nu siwo wu miliɔn 13 le Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒe ŋutɔ, miliɔn 70 le Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinya Blemanudzraɖoƒe, eye miliɔn 150 le Britaintɔwo ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒe.

Woʋu Nuxexlẽxɔ Goglo si ƒe nɔnɔmetata xɔtuɖaŋunyala Sydney Smirke wɔ la le ƒe 1857. Ƒe 150 kloe la, numekulawo zã xɔ sia tsɔ srɔ̃ nu tso blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒe agbalẽdzraɖoƒe gã la ŋu. Nuxexlẽxɔa tu le ƒe 1997 me esime dukɔa ƒe agbalẽdzraɖoƒe (Britaintɔwo ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒe) ʋu yi eƒe xɔ yeyea me. Egbea la, wotrɔe wòzu Walter kple Leonore Annenberg ƒe Dɔwɔƒe.

Esi agbalẽdzraɖoƒe siwo le blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒe titinaxɔa me tsi ƒuƒlu fifia ta la, wodze dɔ gɔme be woawɔ Lord Foster ƒe Fiasã Gã si ƒe xɔtame nye ahuhɔ̃e. Ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe Gã si woʋu le ƒe 2000 me la na wònɔ bɔbɔe be woaʋuʋu le blemanudzraɖoƒea godoo. Gake edze ŋgɔ ɖeklemiɖeɖe le esi mena ɖeɖefia teƒe si sɔ le ɣeyiɣi si me blemanudzraɖoƒea nɔ gakuxiwo me tom o ta, eye wotu nutataɖeƒe geɖe na amewo. Le ɣeyiɣi ma ke me la, wona Afrikatɔwo ƒe nudzraɖoƒe siwo woda ɖe teƒe bubuwo hena ɣeyiɣi aɖe la, le Dziehe Aʋala me, le nudzɔdzɔ si nye pound miliɔn 25 si Sainsbury ƒomea na ta.

Le ƒe 2023 ƒe gɔmedzedze la, blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒe nyatakakadzraɖoƒe si le Internet dzi la, woŋlɔ nu ɖekaɖeka siwo ade miliɔn 4.5 kloe le nuŋlɔɖi miliɔn 2 me. Le ƒe 2022–23 me la, ame miliɔn 27 ye va blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒe nyatakakadzraɖoƒea, si nye dzidziɖedzi gã aɖe tso ame miliɔn 19.5 siwo va le ƒe 2013 me.

Blemanudzraɖoƒea xɔ amedzro 5,820,860 le ƒe 2023 me, si nye dzidziɖedzi 42% tso ƒe 2022. Esia wɔe be wònye tsaɖilawo ƒe nukpɔkpɔ wu le Britain le ƒe 2023. Ke hã, amedzroawo ƒe xexlẽme metrɔ gbɔ va ɖo afisi wokpɔ do ŋgɔ na Covid dɔvɔ̃a haɖe o.

Woɖe sinima geɖe hã le Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒe.

Alesi Wowɔa Blemanudzraɖoƒeae

Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒe nye dukɔa ƒe habɔbɔ si xɔa ga tso UK dziɖuɖu ƒe Dekɔnuwo, Nyadzɔdzɔgblɔmɔnuwo kple Kamedefefewo Gbɔkpɔƒe gbɔ to ƒe etɔ̃ ƒe nubabla me. Woyɔa eƒe ŋgɔnɔla vevitɔ be Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒe Dɔdzikpɔla. Esi blemanudzraɖoƒea dze egɔme zi gbãtɔ la, woyɔ eƒe ta be "agbalẽdzraɖoƒedzikpɔla vevitɔ" elabena agbalẽ gbogbo aɖewo siwo woƒo ƒu ɖe eme. Wotrɔ ŋkɔ na dɔ sia be "dɔdzikpɔla kple agbalẽdzraɖoƒedzikpɔla vevitɔ" le ƒe 1898 me eye mlɔeba la, "mɔfiala" ko le ƒe 1973 me, esime Britaintɔwo ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒea va zu dɔwɔƒe si le eɖokui si.

Blemanudzraɖoƒea dzi kpɔkpɔ ƒe ƒuƒoƒo aɖe si me tɔwo nye ame 25, eye Dɔdzikpɔla lae nye amesi ƒe dɔe nye be wòagblɔ blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒe ganyawo na dziɖuɖua. Nudzraɖoƒedzikpɔla siawo kpɔa egbɔ be blemanudzraɖoƒea wɔ ɖe se siwo woɖo ɖe sewo abe Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒe Se si wowɔ le ƒe 1963 me kple Blemanudzraɖoƒewo Kple Nukpɔƒewo ƒe Se si wowɔ le ƒe 1992. Do ŋgɔ na ƒe 1963 ƒe sea la, ame veviwo abe Canterbury ƒe Bisiɔpgã, Aƒetɔ Dukplɔlagã, kple Dumegãwo ƒe Nuƒolaa ene nɔ ŋgɔ na ƒuƒoƒoa. Le nuteƒewɔla 25 dome la, Dukplɔlagã tia 15, Fia alo Fianyɔnu tia ɖeka, dɔwɔƒe veviwoe tiaa ene, eye nuteƒewɔla bubuawo tiaa atɔ̃ susɔeawo. Woɖo ƒuƒoƒo sia gbã be woatsɔ blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒe nudzraɖoƒewo ade asi na dukɔa le se nu, si fia be wokpɔa wo dzi evɔ womenye wo ŋutɔ tɔ ŋutɔŋutɔ o. Egbea la, aɖaŋuɖoɖo nana koŋue nye woƒe dɔ. Alesi wotiaa nuteƒewɔlawoe zɔna ɖe se sesẽ siwo dukɔa ƒe amedɔdɔwo ƒe dɔwɔƒe aɖe ɖo dzi.

Xɔa

Blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒe ŋgɔgbekpa gãtɔ, si dze ŋgɔ Great Russell Street, nye aɖaŋu si Aƒetɔ Robert Smirke wɔ. Sɔti 44 le edzi, eye wo dometɔ ɖesiaɖe kɔkɔ afɔ 45 (meta 14), siwo ƒe gbɔgbɔ tso blema Hela gbedoxɔwo me. Wotsɔ kpememe siwo Aƒetɔ Richard Westmacott wɔ la ɖo atsyɔ̃ na akpa si le dzogoe etɔ̃ me le mɔ gã la tame, si woyɔna be afɔti. Kpememe siawo, siwo woda le ƒe 1852 me, ɖe "Dekɔnuwo ƒe Ŋgɔyiyi" fia to nɔnɔmetata wuiatɔ̃ siwo tsi tre ɖi na susuwo alo nɔnɔmewo dzi.

Wodze xɔ si li fifia tutu gɔme ƒo xlã titinaxɔa. Wotu Ɣedzeƒe Aʋala si me Fia ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒea le gbã tso ƒe 1823 va ɖo ƒe 1828. Esia kplɔe ɖo kple Dziehe Aʋala tso ƒe 1833 va ɖo ƒe 1838, si me nuxexlẽxɔ (si nye Wellcome Gallery fifia) nɔ gbã. Dɔwɔwɔ yi edzi le Ɣetoɖoƒe Aʋala (Egiptetɔwo ƒe Kpememewo ƒe Aɖaka) ƒe dziehekpa hã ŋu tso ƒe 1826 va ɖo ƒe 1831. Wogbã Montagu Xɔ gbãtɔa le ƒe 1842 me be wòaɖe mɔ na Ɣetoɖoƒe Aʋala mamlɛa, si wowu enu le ƒe 1846 me, eye Anyiehe Aʋala si me sɔtiwo ƒe fli gã la le, dze egɔme le ƒe 1843 me eye wowu enu le ƒe 1847 me Woʋu atrakpui la na amewo. Portland-kpee wotsɔ wɔ blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒe gota gome, gake wozã Haytor-kpe si wotsɔ tso Dartmoor le South Devon, si wotsɔ tram-mɔ tɔxɛ aɖe tsɔ va lae tsɔ tu eƒe gota gliwo kple akpa bubuwo.

Le ƒe 1846 me la, nɔviaŋutsu Sydney Smirke va xɔ ɖe Robert Smirke teƒe wòzu blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒe xɔtuɖaŋunyala. Nusi koŋ wotsɔ kpe ɖe Sydney ŋue nye Nuxexlẽxɔ Goglo si wotu tso ƒe 1854 va ɖo ƒe 1857. Esi eƒe domedome keke afɔ 140 (meta 43) ta la, enye evelia si keke wu le xexeame ɣemaɣi, eye wònɔ sue vie wu Pantheon si le Roma. Nu vevi si kplɔe ɖo si wotsɔ kpe ɖe eŋue nye White Wing, si wotu tso ƒe 1882 va ɖo ƒe 1884 me le South Front ƒe ɣedzeƒe nuwuwu megbe, si ƒe nɔnɔmetata Aƒetɔ John Taylor wɔ.

Le ƒe 1895 me la, Britain Sewɔtakpekpea do pound 200,000 na blemanudzraɖoƒea dzikpɔlawo be woatsɔ aƒle aƒe 69 siwo katã le blemanudzraɖoƒea megbe le ablɔ atɔ̃ siwo ƒo xlãe dzi: Great Russell Street, Montague Street, Montague Place, Bedford Square, kple Bloomsbury Street. Nudzraɖoƒedzikpɔlawo ƒe ɖoɖoe nye be yewoagbã aƒe siawo ahatu xɔ yeyewo ɖe blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒe ɣetoɖoƒe, dziehe, kple ɣedzeƒe gome, eye woayɔ dua ƒe xɔ bliboa me keŋkeŋ. Wobia tso xɔtuɖaŋunyala Aƒetɔ John James Burnet si be wòawɔ ɖoɖo gã siwo woawɔ ɣeyiɣi didi aɖe ɖe kekeɖenudɔ sia ŋu. Wogbã aƒe siwo le Montague Place ƒe akpa gãtɔ ƒe ʋɛ aɖewo le woƒeƒle megbe. Gake le ɖoɖo gã sia me la, Edward VII ƒe nutataɖeƒe siwo le Dziehe Aʋawɔʋua titina koe wotu kpɔ. Wotu esiawo le ƒe 1906 kple 1914 dome le Burnet ƒe nɔnɔmetata nu eye Fia George V kple Fianyɔnu Mary ʋu wo le se nu le ƒe 1914. Egbea la, wodzra blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒe nutatawo, nutatawo, kple Asiatɔwo ƒe blemanuwo ƒe nudzraɖoƒewo ɖo. Ga mesɔ gbɔ be woatu akpa yeye bubuwo o, eyata aƒe siwo le ablɔ bubuawo dzi ƒe akpa gãtɔ gakpɔtɔ le tsitre.

Amerikatɔ xɔtuɖaŋunyala John Russell Pope ye wɔ Duveen Nukpɔƒe si le Egiptetɔwo, Helatɔwo, kple Asiriatɔwo ƒe kpememewo ƒe xɔwo ƒe ɣetoɖoƒe gome la be woatsɔ aɖe Elgin Marble-kpewo afia. Togbɔ be wowu enu le ƒe 1938 me hã la, bɔmb aɖe da ɖe edzi le ƒe 1940 me, si na eƒe akpa aɖe zu glikpo ƒe 22 hafi wogaʋui mlɔeba le ƒe 1962. Nuto bubu siwo dome gblẽ le Xexemeʋa II ƒe bɔmbdada me dometɔ aɖewoe nye Edward VII ƒe nukpɔƒe siwo bɔmb eve siwo mewó o da le September 1940. Fia ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒea tsɔ bɔmb sesẽ aɖe, . eye bɔmb siwo le dzo dam la ge ɖe Nuxexlẽxɔ Goglo la ƒe dome gake womegblẽ nu boo aɖeke o. Le May 10-11, 1941 ƒe zã me la, bɔmb geɖe siwo le dzo dam la dze blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒe dzigbeɣetoɖoƒe gome, eye wogblẽ agbalẽdzraɖoƒea kple agbalẽ 150,000 siwo le xɔxɔnua, kpakple nutataɖeƒe siwo ƒo xlã Atrakpui Gã la tame hã. Womedzra nusiwo gblẽ sia ɖo bliboe o vaseɖe ƒe 1960 ƒeawo ƒe gɔmedzedze.

Fianyɔnu Elizabeth II ƒe Ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe Gã la nye ablɔ aɖe si woxe le Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒea titina, si ƒe nɔnɔmetata mɔ̃ɖaŋudɔwɔla Buro Happold kple xɔtuɖaŋunyala Foster and Partners wɔ. Woʋui le December 2000 me eye wònye ablɔ gãtɔ kekeake si woxe le Europa. Wotsɔ ahuhɔ̃e kple gakpo wɔ eƒe xɔta, si Austria dɔwɔƒe aɖe tu, eye ahuhɔ̃e 1,656 siwo ƒe nɔnɔme le etɔxɛe le eŋu. Nuxexlẽxɔ si va ƒuƒlu esime Britaintɔwo ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒea tsɔ eƒe dɔwo yi St. Pancras la le Ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe Gã la titina.

Egbea la, Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒea va zu blemanudzraɖoƒe gãtɔwo dometɔ ɖeka le xexeame, eye eƒe lolome wu meta 92,000 sq. Tsɔ kpe ɖe esia ŋu la, nudzraɖoƒe si ƒe lolome nye meta 21,600 sq (afɔ 232,000 sq) le teƒea eye nudzraɖoƒe bubu si ƒe lolome nye meta 9,400 sq (afɔ 101,000 sq) le teƒe bubuwo. Le nusianu me la, Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒea ɖea eƒe nudzraɖoƒe bliboa ƒe 1% fiana dukɔa, si ade 50,000.

Nukpɔƒe alafa ɖeka kloe le afima siwo woʋu ɖi na amewo katã, eye wo katã ƒe didime nye kilometa 3.2 ƒe ɖeɖefiaƒe, togbɔ be esiwo melɔ̃na boo o ƒe ʋuʋu ƒe gaƒoƒo seɖoƒe li na hã. Gake esi teƒe gã aɖeke menɔ blemanudzraɖoƒea si woatsɔ awɔ ɣeyiɣi kpui aɖe ƒe ɖeɖefiawo o ta la, wowɔ dɔ aɖe si ƒe home nye pound miliɔn 135 be woatsɔ awɔ Xexeame ƒe Nuwo Takpɔƒe Kple Nukpɔƒe. Titina yeye sia naa ɖeɖefiaƒe tɔxɛ aɖe eye wòhea blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒe nudzraɖoƒewo katã vaa teƒe ɖeka. Woɖe gbeƒã dɔ sia le July 2007 me, eye xɔtuɖaŋunyala Rogers Stirk Harbor and Partners nɔ dɔa wɔm. Exɔ mɔɖeɖe le December 2009 me eye wowu enu le ɣeyiɣi nyuitɔ dzi na Vikingtɔwo ƒe ɖeɖefia le March 2014. Le ƒe 2017 me la, woɖo Xexeame ƒe Takpɔha kple Adzɔnuwo Ðeɖefia Dɔwɔƒea be wòaxɔ Stirling Nunana, si nye xɔtuɖaŋu nyuiwo ƒe kafukafu.

Vaseɖe ƒe 2024 me la, blemanudzraɖoƒea zãa Blythe Xɔ si le West Kensington tsɔ dzraa blemanu suewo kple gãwo ɖo. Fifia, wozãa Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒe Blemanuwo Nudzraɖoƒe, si nye nudzraɖoƒe si wotu etɔxɛe si te ɖe Reading ŋu, hena esia wɔwɔ. Wozãa teƒe bubu, Franks House si le East London, tsɔ dzraa nusiwo tso "Early Prehistory"—Kpeɣeyiɣi (Palaeolithic kple Mesolithic ɣeyiɣiwo)—kple nuƒoƒoƒu bubu aɖewo ɖo hewɔa dɔ tso wo ŋu.

Dɔwɔƒe ƒe alɔdze

Egipte kple Sudan ƒe Dɔwɔƒe

Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒeae nye Egiptetɔwo ƒe blemanuwo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo gãtɔ kekeake si de blibo wu le xexeame, le Egiptetɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒe si le Cairo godo, eye wo dometɔ siwo wu 100,000 le eme. Nuƒoƒoƒu sia le vevie ŋutɔ le eƒe nu vovovowo kple eƒe nyonyome deŋgɔ ta. Nusiwo tso ɣeyiɣi ɖesiaɖe me kple teƒe gã ɖesiaɖe kloe le Egipte kple Sudan le eme. Ne wotsɔ nu siawo ƒo ƒui la, woɖe dekɔnu siwo le Nil Balia to (Nubia hã le eme), tso Kpeɣeyiɣia me (anɔ abe ƒe 10,000 D.M.Ŋ.) va ɖo Kristotɔwo ƒe ɣeyiɣi gbãtɔ (ƒe alafa 12 lia M.Ŋ.), si xɔ ƒe 11,000 kple edzivɔ la ƒe akpa ɖesiaɖe fia.

Egiptetɔwo ƒe blemanuwo nye Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒe nudzraɖoƒe ƒe akpa aɖe tso esime wodze egɔme le ƒe 1753 me, esime woxɔ nu 160 tso Aƒetɔ Hans Sloane gbɔ. Esi woɖu Napoleon ƒe Franse-srafowo dzi le Nil-ʋaa me le ƒe 1801 me la, Britain-srafowo xɔ Egiptetɔwo ƒe blemanuwo siwo woƒo ƒu la hetsɔ wo na Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒe le ƒe 1803. Nu siawo, siwo dome Rosetta Kpe xɔŋkɔa hã nɔ, ye nye kpememe gãwo ƒe hatsotso ɖedzesi gbãtɔ si blemanudzraɖoƒea xɔ. Le esia megbe la, Eŋlisiawo ɖo Henry Salt be wòanye dudɔnunɔla le Egipte. Eƒo blemanu gbogbo aɖewo nu ƒu, eye Italytɔ anyigbayeyedila xɔŋkɔ Giovanni Belzoni tsɔ aɖaŋudzedze ƒo wo dometɔ aɖewo nu ƒu heʋã wo. Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒe kple Louvre Blemanudzraɖoƒe si le Paris ye ƒle blemanu siwo Salt ƒo ƒu la ƒe akpa gãtɔ. Kaka ƒe 1866 naɖo la, nu siwo ade 10,000 ye nɔ nudzraɖoƒea.

Blemanuwo tso tomenukukuwo me dze vava gɔme va blemanudzraɖoƒea le ƒe 1800 ƒeawo ƒe nuwuwu lɔƒo, le Egipte Kukuɖe Gaxɔa ƒe dɔwɔwɔ kple eƒe agbagbadzedze siwo E.A. Wallis Budge ƒe agbalẽa. Le ƒe siwo va yi me la, nu siwo wu 11,000 tso teƒe sia, siwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye kakɛ siwo tso teƒewo abe Amarna, Bubastis, kple Deir el-Bahari ene. Habɔbɔ bubuwo kple ame ɖekaɖekawo hã ku nuwo hetsɔ wo na Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒea, abe Flinders Petrie ƒe Egypt Research Account kple Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanuwo Ŋuti Nusrɔ̃ƒe si le Egypt, kpakple Oxford Yunivɛsiti ƒe mɔzɔzɔ yi Kawa kple Faras le Sudan ene. Blemanudzraɖoƒea do alɔ tomenukukuwo vevie le Egipte, si yi edzi he nu vevi siwo woxɔ le ƒe alafa 20 lia katã me vɛ. Gake tɔtrɔ siwo wowɔ le Egipte ƒe se siwo ku ɖe blemanuwo ŋu me na wodzudzɔ nuwo ɖoɖo ɖe duta mlɔeba, togbɔ be nusiwo ŋu woke ɖo ƒe mama aɖewo gakpɔtɔ li tso Sudan hã. Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒea ŋutɔ wɔ tomenukukuwo le Egipte, eye woxɔ nusiwo ŋu woke ɖo dometɔ aɖewo tso teƒewo abe Asyut (ƒe 1907), Mostagedda kple Matmar (ƒe 1920-awo), Ashmunein (ƒe 1980-awo), kple teƒe siwo le Sudan abe Soba, Kawa, kple Dziehe Dongola Reach (ƒe 1990-awo) ene. Nu siwo wu 110,000 ye le Egiptetɔwo ƒe nudzraɖoƒea fifia.

Le ƒe 2001 ƒe adame la, blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒe nu miliɔn enyi siwo woƒo ƒu ɖaa la gakeke ɖe enu wu esi wotsɔ nu miliɔn ade siwo tso Wendorf Nudzraɖoƒe si le Egipte kple Sudan Do Ŋgɔ Na Ŋutinya me kpe ɖe eŋu. Nufialagã Fred Wendorf si tso Southern Methodist Yunivɛsiti le Texas ye tsɔ esiawo na eye wo dometɔ aɖewoe nye blemanu kple nutome ƒe nusiwo katã wòku le teƒe siwo wòku le teƒe siwo do ŋgɔ na ŋutinya me le Sahara Dzogbe le ƒe 1963 kple 1997 dome.

Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒe Egiptetɔwo ƒe nutataɖeƒe adre siwo nɔa anyi ɖaa, siwo dome eƒe ɖeɖefiaƒe gãtɔ kekeake (Xɔ 4, na ŋkuɖodzikpewo) hã le, ate ŋu aɖe eƒe Egiptetɔwo ƒe nutatawo ƒe 4% lɔƒo afia. Blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒe ame kuku kple aɖaka 140 siwo wotia, siwo nye nu gbogbotɔ kekeake si woƒo ƒu le Cairo godo la le nutataɖeƒe siwo le dzisasrã evelia dzi. Nuƒoƒoƒu ƒe akpa gã aɖe tso yɔdowo alo teƒe siwo do ƒome kple ame kukuwo subɔsubɔ. Nu siawo, vevietɔ ame kukuawo, gakpɔtɔ le nusiwo ame siwo va blemanudzraɖoƒea lɔ̃na wu la dome.

Nu vevitɔ kekeake siwo le nudzraɖoƒea dometɔ aɖewoe nye esi, eye woŋlɔ wo ɖe woƒe ɣeyiɣi ƒe didime nu:

Do ŋgɔ na Fiaƒomewo kple Fiaƒome Gbãtɔ ƒe Ɣeyiɣi (anɔ ƒe 6000 va ɖo ƒe 2690 D.M.Ŋ.)

• Ginger the Mummy kple ame kuku atɔ̃ bubu siwo woɖe tso Gebelein (anɔ ƒe 3400 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Kpe hɛ si ƒe asi le abe nyiɖu ene, si woyɔna be Pit-Rivers Knife, si tso Sheikh Hamada, Egypt (anɔ ƒe 3100 D.M.Ŋ.) gbɔ
• Battlefield Palette kple Hunters Palette, siwo nye atsyɔ̃ɖonuwo ƒe amadede siwo woɖo atsyɔ̃ na (anɔ ƒe 3100 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Fia aɖe ƒe kpememe sue aɖe si wotsɔ nyiɖu wɔ tso gbedoxɔ gbãtɔ aɖe me le Abydos, Egipte (anɔ ƒe 3000 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Fia Den ƒe afɔkpa ƒe dzesi si tso Abydos (anɔ ƒe 2985 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Fia Peribsen ƒe kpe gbadzɛ si tso Abydos (anɔ ƒe 2720–2710 D.M.Ŋ.)

Fiaɖuƒe Xoxo (ƒe 2690–2181 D.M.Ŋ.)

• Nusiwo woɖe tso Fia Khasekhemwy ƒe yɔdo me (ƒe 2690 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Ankhwa, si nye meliwɔla, ƒe kpememe si wotsɔ kpe xɔasi si tso Saqqara, Egipte (le ƒe 2650 D.M.Ŋ. lɔƒo)
• Kpe gbãtɔ siwo le gota la dometɔ aɖewo tso Piramid Gã si le Giza, si nye blema xexeame ƒe nukunuwo dometɔ ɖeka (le ƒe 2570 D.M.Ŋ. lɔƒo) me
• Nenkheftka ƒe kpememe si woɖe tso Dishasha (ƒe 2500 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Limestone alakpaʋɔtru aɖe si woɖe tso Ptahshepses ƒe yɔdo me le Saqqara (ƒe 2440 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Abusir Papyri, si nye blema Egiptetɔwo ƒe nuŋlɔɖi xoxotɔwo dometɔ aɖewo, tso Abusir (ƒe 2400 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Tjeti ƒe yɔdo ƒe nɔnɔmetata si wotsɔ ati wɔ (anɔ ƒe 2345–2181 D.M.Ŋ.)

Titina Fiaɖuƒe (ƒe 2134–1690 D.M.Ŋ.)

• Sebekhetepi ƒe aɖaka ememe kple egodo tso Beni Hasan (anɔ ƒe 2125–1795 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Ankhrekhu (ƒe 1985–1795 D.M.Ŋ.) ƒe kpememe si wotsɔ quartzite wɔ
• Heqaib ƒe limestone-kpe (stela) aɖe si tso Abydos, Egipte (ƒe 1990–1750 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Sahathor (ƒe 1922–1878 D.M.Ŋ.) ƒe kpememe kple kpe gbadzɛ aɖe si ƒe nɔnɔme le abe kpe gbadzɛ ene
• Limestone-kpememe kple kpe gbadzɛ siwo woɖe tso Inyotef ƒe vɔsasaxɔ me le Abydos (ƒe 1920 D.M.Ŋ. lɔƒo)
• Samontu ƒe kpe gbadzɛ si woɖe tso Abydos (ƒe 1910 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Kpememe siwo woɖe tso Djehutyhotep ƒe yɔdo me le Deir-el-Bersha (ƒe 1878–1855 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Senwosret III ƒe kpememe etɔ̃ siwo wotsɔ kpe xɔasiwo wɔ tso Deir el-Bahri (ƒe 1850 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Rehuankh ƒe kpememe si woɖe tso Abydos (ƒe 1850–1830 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Amenemhat III ƒe ta gã aɖe tso Bubastis (ƒe 1800 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Nebipusenwosret ƒe kpe gbadzɛ si woɖe tso Abydos (ƒe 1800 D.M.Ŋ.)

Titinaɣeyiɣi Evelia (ƒe 1650–1550 D.M.Ŋ.)

• Fia Nubkheperre Intef ƒe aɖaka si tso Thebes (ƒe 1570 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Rhind Mathematical Papyrus xɔŋkɔ, si nye blema Egiptetɔwo ƒe akɔntabubu ƒe kpɔɖeŋu gbãtɔ, si tso Thebes (ƒe 1550 D.M.Ŋ.)

Fiaɖuƒe Yeye (ƒe 1549–1069 D.M.Ŋ.)

• Farao Hatshepsut alo Tuthmosis III si va xɔ ɖe eteƒe (ƒe 1480 D.M.Ŋ.) ƒe ta si nye schist
• Senenmut ƒe kpememe si dzi Fiavinyɔnu Neferure le le eƒe akɔnu tso Karnak (ƒe 1470 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Sennefer ƒe kpememe si le abe kpe gbadzɛ ene si tso Ɣetoɖoƒe Thebes (ƒe 1430 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Sekhmettɔwo ƒe kpememe blaeve siwo woɖe tso Mut Gbedoxɔ me, le Thebes (ƒe 1400 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Aɖabɛ ƒe kakɛ aɖe si woɖe tso Sphinx Gã si le Giza (ƒe alafa 14 lia D.M.Ŋ.) me
• Dzata ƒe kpememe gã eve siwo wotsɔ kpe xɔasiwo wɔ tso Soleb le Sudan (ƒe 1370 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Klosalo ƒe ʋuƒo siwo woƒo ƒu tso El-Amarna (ƒe 1352–1336 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Ta gã aɖe si woɖe tso Amenhotep III (ƒe 1350 D.M.Ŋ.) ƒe kpememe aɖe me
• Amenhotep III (ƒe 1350 D.M.Ŋ.) ƒe nɔnɔmetata gã aɖe si wotsɔ limestone wɔe
• Amarna Kpekpeawo, 99 le 382 siwo ŋu woke ɖo me, si nye nuƒoƒoƒu gãtɔ evelia le xexeame (ƒe 1350 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Horemheb ƒe kpe gbadzɛ si woɖe tso eƒe yɔdo me le Saqqara (ƒe 1330 D.M.Ŋ.)
• London ƒe Atikewɔwɔ ƒe Papyrus si me wozã atikewɔwɔ kple akunyawɔwɔ ƒe atikewɔwɔ 61 le (ƒe 1300 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Ani ƒe Papyrus, si nye "Ame kukuwo ƒe Agbalẽ" ƒe kpɔɖeŋu nyuitɔwo dometɔ ɖeka tso blema, tso Thebes (ƒe 1275 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Egipte-fiawo ƒe ŋkɔwo ƒe xexlẽdzesi tso Ramses II ƒe Gbedoxɔ me (ƒe 1250 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Khaemwaset ƒe kpememe, Ramses II viŋutsu, tso Abydos (ƒe 1250 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Harris Papyrus Gã la, si nye papyrus si nɔ anyi didi wu tso blema ke, si tso Thebes (ƒe 1200 D.M.Ŋ.)
• D'Orbiney Papyrus si me ŋutinya le "Nɔviŋutsu Eve ƒe Ŋutinya" (ƒe 1200–1194 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Seti II ƒe kpememe si bɔbɔ nɔ anyi tso Mut Gbedoxɔ me, Karnak (ƒe 1200–1194 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Mo aɖe si woɖe tso Ramses VI ƒe amekukuɖaka me tso Fiawo ƒe Bali me (ƒe 1140 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Nedjmet ƒe Ame Kukuwo ƒe Agbalẽ si me nɔnɔmetata siwo le amadede vovovowo me kple nuŋɔŋlɔ siwo wotsɔa nuŋlɔtsi wɔe le (ƒe 1070 D.M.Ŋ.)

Titinaɣeyiɣi Etɔ̃lia (ƒe 1069–664 D.M.Ŋ.)

• Greenfield ƒe papyrus, si nye Fiavinyɔnu Nesitanebetashru ƒe kunuŋlɔɖi (ƒe 950–930 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Sikakɔsɔkɔsɔ eve siwo nye Aʋafia Nemareth tɔ (ƒe 940 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Hathor ƒe sɔti gã aɖe tame (fiadu) tso Bubastis (ƒe 922–887 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Nil mawu Hapi ƒe kpememe aɖe si tso Karnak (anɔ ƒe 900 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Nesperennub si tso Thebes (anɔ ƒe 800 D.M.Ŋ. lɔƒo) ƒe amekukuɖaka kple aɖaka
• Shabaka Kpe si tso Memphis, Egipte (anɔ ƒe 700 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Fia Menkaure ƒe aɖaka si tso Giza (ƒe 700–600 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Amun ƒe kpememe etɔ̃ siwo nye agbo si le Fia Taharqo ta kpɔm tso Kawa (ƒe 683 D.M.Ŋ.) dometɔ ɖeka
• Nunɔla Hor si tso Deir el-Bahari, Thebes (le ƒe 680 D.M.Ŋ. lɔƒo) ƒe aɖaka ememetɔ kple egodo
• Taharqo ƒe Sphinx (ƒe 680 D.M.Ŋ.) ƒe kpememe si wotsɔ kpe xɔasiwo wɔe

Ɣeyiɣi si va yi (ƒe 664–332 D.M.Ŋ.)

• Sasobek ƒe Saite Sarcophagus, amesi nye dukplɔlagã (ƒe 664–610 D.M.Ŋ.) .
• Sasobek ƒe amekukuɖaka ƒe nutsyɔnu (ƒe 630 D.M.Ŋ.) .
• Isis kple Horus ƒe akɔbli nɔnɔmetata aɖe si tso Dziehe Saqqara, Egipte (ƒe 600 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Hapmen ƒe amekukudzraɖoƒe si tso Cairo (ƒe 600–300 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Wahibre ƒe kpememe aɖe si dze klo (ƒe 530 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Ankhnesneferibre ƒe amekukudzraɖoƒe (ƒe 525 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Nectanebo I (ƒe 380–362 D.M.Ŋ.) ƒe akɔta .
• Obeliskwo kple Farao Nectanebo II (ƒe 360–343 D.M.Ŋ.) ƒe amekukuɖaka
• Nectanebo II ƒe amekukudzraɖoƒe si tso Alexandria (ƒe 360–343 D.M.Ŋ.)

Ptolemy Fiaƒomea (ƒe 305–30 D.M.Ŋ.)

• Rosetta Kpe xɔŋkɔ, si nye kpe gbadzɛ aɖe si dzi gbegbɔgblɔ etɔ̃ le si kpe ɖe mía ŋu míese blema Egiptetɔwo ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔ siwo wotsɔa ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo wɔe gɔme (ƒe 196 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Ptolemy VIII ƒe naos (gbedoxɔ me gbedoxɔ) aɖe si tso Philae (ƒe 150 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Kpememe gã aɖee si nye scarab ʋetsuvi aɖe (ƒe 32–30 D.M.Ŋ.) .
• Ptolemy I Soter (ƒe 305–283 D.M.Ŋ.) ƒe kpememe si wotsɔ basalt wɔ Egiptetɔwo ƒe atsyã ƒe akpa aɖe
• Hornedjitef (aɖaka ememetɔ) ƒe kuku si woɖe tso Thebes (ƒe alafa 3 lia D.M.Ŋ.)
• Gli aɖe si woɖe tso Fianyɔnu Shanakdakhete ƒe sɔlemexɔ aɖe me tso Meroë (anɔ ƒe 150 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Ptolemy VII ƒe gbedoxɔ si tso Philae (anɔ ƒe 150 D.M.Ŋ.)

Romatɔwo ƒe Ɣeyiɣi (ƒe 30 D.M.Ŋ. – 641 M.Ŋ.)

• Ðekakpui aɖe si tso Alexandria (le ƒe 30 D.M.Ŋ. megbe) ƒe ta si wotsɔ ƒo ƒui
• Meriotic Hamadab Stela si tso Kush Fiaɖuƒea me, si wokpɔ le Meroë gbɔ le Sudan (ƒe 24 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Soter kple Cleopatra ƒe aɖaka si tso Qurna, Thebes (ƒe alafa 2 lia M.Ŋ. ƒe gɔmedzedze) ƒe nutsyɔnu
• Sɔhɛ aɖe ƒe kuku si me ame si tso Hawara (ƒe 100–200 M.Ŋ.) ƒe nɔnɔmetata le
• Fayum ƒe ame kuku ƒe nɔnɔmetata siwo wu 30 tso Hawara kple teƒe bubuwo (40–250 M.Ŋ.)
• Akɔblikaɖi kple patera tso X-ƒuƒoƒo ƒe yɔdowo me, Qasr Ibrim (ƒe alafa 1 lia–6 lia M.Ŋ.)
• Coptictɔwo ƒe glitata aɖe si me ame kɔkɔe siwo wowu xɔsetaku le tso Wadi Sarga (ƒe alafa 6 lia M.Ŋ.)

Greece kple Roma ƒe Dɔwɔƒe

Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒe ƒe Helatɔwo kple Romatɔwo ƒe Nudzraɖoƒe

Blemanuwo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo gãtɔ kekeake kple esiwo de blibo wu le xexeame dometɔ ɖeka le Britaintɔwo ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒea tso Hela kple Roma, eye nu siwo wu 100,000 le eme. Zi geɖe la, nu siawo tso Helatɔwo ƒe Akɔbliɣeyiɣia ƒe gɔmedzedze (anɔ ƒe 3200 D.M.Ŋ.) vaseɖe esime Kristotɔnyenye va zu Roma Fiaɖuƒea ƒe subɔsubɔha si dziɖuɖua da asi ɖo le ƒe 313 M.Ŋ.

Le ƒe 1800-awo me, esime blematomenukulawo dze egɔme teti koe nye ema la, anyigbayeyedila gbãtɔ geɖe, vevietɔ Charles Newton, John Turtle Wood, Robert Murdoch Smith, kple Charles Fellows, dze tomenukuku gɔme le teƒe aɖewo le Hela kple Roma xexeame katã hena blemanudzraɖoƒea.

Helagbe me Nuwo

Helatɔwo ƒe nuawo tso blema Hela xexeame ƒe akpa sia akpa. Esia lɔ Greece-nyigba gã, Aegea Ƒukpowo, nuto siwo te ɖe afima ŋu abe Asia Sue (egbegbe Turkey) kple Egipte le Mediterranea-ƒua ƒe ɣedzeƒe gome, kple ɣetoɖoƒe gome ʋĩ vaseɖe Sicily kple Italy ƒe dzigbe (si woyɔna be Magna Graecia) gɔ̃ hã ɖe eme.

Nusiwo tso Cycladic, Minoa, kple Mycenaetɔwo ƒe dekɔnuwo me le nudzraɖoƒea. Kpememe vevi siwo woɖe tso Parthenon si le Atene hã le eme, kpakple Blema Xexeame ƒe Nukunu Adreawo dometɔ eve ƒe akpa aɖewo: Ameɖibɔ si le Halicarnassus kple Artemis ƒe Gbedoxɔ si le Efeso.

Romatɔwo Kple Nuƒoƒoƒu Bubuwo

Tso Akɔbliɣeyiɣia ƒe gɔmedzedze la, Italytɔwo kple Etruscantɔwo ƒe blemanuwo ƒe nudzraɖoƒe gbogbotɔ kekeake siwo le Italy godo la dometɔ ɖeka hã le dɔwɔƒe sia. Nusiwo wotsɔ tso Kipro kple nuto siwo menye Helatɔwo o ƒe ƒuƒoƒo gãwo hã le Likia kple Caria le Asia Sue.

Togbɔ be nu aɖewo li tso Roma Dukɔa ƒe gɔmedzedze hã la, nudzraɖoƒea sẽ ŋu vevietɔ le nu vovovo siwo tso Roma Fiaɖuƒea ƒe akpa vovovowo me, togbɔ be wokpɔa nu siwo tso Roma Britain le blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒe akpa bubu hã.

Nya Vevi Veviwo

Blema atsyɔ̃ɖonuwo kple akɔblinuwo ƒe nudzraɖoƒewo le vevie ŋutɔ, abe alesi Helatɔwo ƒe vasewo (wo dometɔ geɖe wokpɔna le yɔdowo me le Italy ƒe dzigbe) hã le vevie ene. Blemanudzraɖoƒea hã ƒo adegbe le Romatɔwo ƒe ahuhɔ̃e, siwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye Portland Vase xɔŋkɔa, kple Romatɔwo ƒe sika ahuhɔ̃e (si nye nudzraɖoƒe gãtɔ evelia le Vatikan Blemanudzraɖoƒewo megbe). Àte ŋu akpɔ Romatɔwo ƒe mosaic siwo tso Carthage kple Utica le Dziehe Afrika hã, kple klosalo kesinɔnu siwo tso Romatɔwo ƒe Gaul.

Kiprotɔwo ƒe nudzraɖoƒea hã sẽ ŋutɔ, le nu vovovo siwo woƒle kple nudzɔdzɔ siwo wowɔ le ƒe siwo va yi me siwo na ga woku tomenu geɖe le ƒukpoa dzi ta. Woɖe Romatɔwo ƒe kpememe siwo dometɔ geɖe nye Helatɔwo ƒe nutata gbãtɔwo ƒe kɔpiwo fia nyuie, vevietɔ tso Townley kple Farnese ƒe nudzraɖoƒewo.

Afisi Nàkpɔ Nuƒoƒoƒuawo Le

Wotsɔ nu siwo tso Greece kple Roma Dɔwɔƒea la ɖo blemanudzraɖoƒea katã. Xɔtuɖaŋu gãawo dometɔ geɖe le anyigbaxɔdzoa dzi, le xɔdɔme siwo do ƒome tso Nukpɔƒe 5 va ɖo Nukpɔƒe 23. Le dzisasrã si le etame la, àkpɔ xɔtuɖaŋuxɔ siwo wotsɔ ɖe adzɔgbe na nu suesuesue siwo tso blema Italy, Hela, Kipro, kple Roma Fiaɖuƒea me.

Nuƒoƒoƒu Fifia ƒe Nya Veviwo:

Nu xɔŋkɔ aɖewo koŋ siwo le nudzraɖoƒeae nye esi:

Hephaestus ƒe Gbedoxɔ

• Marble ƒe dzisasrã kple xɔtunu ƒe akpa siwo woɖe tso sɔtiawo me (ƒe 449–415 D.M.Ŋ.)

Parthenon ƒe agbalẽa

• Parthenon Marble xɔŋkɔ (si wogayɔna be Elgin Marbles) (ƒe 447–438 D.M.Ŋ.)

Propylaea (Acropolis-tɔsisia ƒe mɔnu) .

• Sɔti aɖe tame (fiadu) kple sɔti aɖe ƒe akpa aɖe (ƒe 437–432 D.M.Ŋ.) .

Erechtheion ƒe ŋkɔ

• Sɔti aɖe si gakpɔtɔ li kple xɔtuɖaŋu ƒe akpa aɖewo (ƒe 420–415 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Caryatid ade siwo susɔ (nyɔnuwo ƒe nɔnɔmetata siwo wozãna abe sɔtiwo ene) dometɔ ɖeka (ƒe 415 D.M.Ŋ.)

Athena Nike ƒe gbedoxɔ

• Gli ƒe akpa siwo woɖo atsyɔ̃ na siwo tsi agbe (frieze-kpewo) kple sɔti aɖe tame (ƒe 427–424 D.M.Ŋ.)

Thrasyllos ƒe Choragic Ŋkuɖodzikpe

• Dionysos ƒe kpememe aɖe (ƒe 270 D.M.Ŋ.)

Yaƒoƒo ƒe Mɔ̃ kɔkɔ

• Korintotɔwo ƒe sɔti aɖe si wotsɔ kpe xɔasi si nye marble wɔe (50 D.M.Ŋ.)

Poseidon ƒe Gbedoxɔ, Sounion

• Sɔti ƒe gɔmeɖoanyi si wotsɔ saŋku wɔe (ƒe 444–440 D.M.Ŋ.) .

Nemesis ƒe Gbedoxɔ, Rhamnus

• Ta si tso Nemesis ƒe kpememe (ƒe 430–420 D.M.Ŋ.) me

Bassae ƒe Gbedoxɔ

• Gli ƒe akpa siwo woɖo atsyɔ̃ na (frieze) ƒe kpe gbadzɛ blaeve vɔ etɔ̃ siwo tsi agbe tso gbedoxɔa me (ƒe 420–400 D.M.Ŋ.)

Apollo ƒe kɔkɔeƒe si le Daphni

• Sɔti siwo wotsɔ flut wɔe, sɔtiwo ƒe gɔmeɖoanyi, kple Ionic sɔtiwo tame (ƒe 399–301 D.M.Ŋ.)

Athena Polias ƒe gbedoxɔ, Priene

• Woɖo atsyɔ̃ na dzisasrãwo (gaxɔwo) tso gbedoxɔa ƒe dzisasrã (ƒe 350–325 D.M.Ŋ.)

• Ionic sɔtiwo tame, ati gãwo (architraves), kple dzogoedzisɔtiwo (antae) (ƒe 350–325 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Tasiaɖamkula ƒe akɔta si wotsɔ kpe xɔasi si nye marble wɔ (ƒe 320–300 D.M.Ŋ.)

Ameɖibɔ si le Halicarnassus (Blema Xexeame ƒe Nukunu Adreawo dometɔ ɖeka)

• Kpememe gã eve siwo le wo ɖokui si siwo woxɔ se be wonye Maussollos kple srɔ̃a Artemisia (anɔ ƒe 350 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Sɔ aɖe si tso tasiaɖamwo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo si nɔ Ameɖibɔa tame ƒe akpa aɖe (anɔ ƒe 350 D.M.Ŋ. lɔƒo)
• Amazonomachy frieze – kpememe ƒe akpa didi aɖe si ɖe aʋa si wowɔ le Helatɔwo kple Amazontɔwo dome fia (anɔ ƒe 350 D.M.Ŋ.)

Artemi Gbedoxɔ si le Efeso (Blema Xexeame ƒe Nukunu Adreawo dometɔ ɖeka)

• Sɔti siwo wotsɔ kpae ƒe gɔmeɖoanyiwo dometɔ ɖeka (ƒe 340–320 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Ionic frieze ƒe akpa aɖe si le sɔtiawo tame (ƒe 330–300 D.M.Ŋ.)

Knidos le Asia Sue

• Demeter si tso Knidos ƒe kpememe (ƒe 350 D.M.Ŋ.) .
• Knidos ƒe Dzata ƒe kpememe (ƒe 350–200 D.M.Ŋ.)

Xanthos si le Asia Sue

• Dzata ƒe Yɔdo (ƒe 550–500 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Harpy Yɔdo (ƒe 480–470 D.M.Ŋ.)

• Nereid Ŋkuɖodzikpe, si nye Lykiatɔwo ƒe yɔdo gã aɖe si wogbugbɔ tu ƒe akpa aɖe (ƒe 390–380 D.M.Ŋ.)

• Merehi ƒe yɔdo (ƒe 390–350 D.M.Ŋ.)
• Payava ƒe yɔdo (ƒe 375–350 D.M.Ŋ.)

• Pixodaros ƒe Gbe eve ƒe Sedede (kpe gbadzɛ si dzi woŋlɔ nu ɖo le gbe eve me) (ƒe 340 D.M.Ŋ.)

Zeus ƒe Gbedoxɔ, Salami le Kipro

• Sɔti si wotsɔ kpe xɔasi si nye marble wɔ si ƒe tame nye caryatid (nyɔnu ƒe kpememe si wozãna abe sɔti ene) si le tsitre ɖe nyitsu siwo si aʋala le dome (ƒe 300–250 D.M.Ŋ.)

Hela kple Italy si nɔ anyi do ŋgɔ na ŋutinya me (ƒe 3300 D.M.Ŋ. – ƒe alafa 8 lia D.M.Ŋ.)

• Akpa sia yɔ blemanu vovovo siwo ŋu woke ɖo tso Hela kple Italy tso gɔmedzedzea me ke vaseɖe ƒe alafa 8 lia D.M.Ŋ. Nu siawo na míekpɔa alesi amewo nɔ agbe ɣemaɣi.
• Nɔnɔmetata sue siwo le abe amegbetɔ ene tso ƒukpo siwo le Aegea Ƒua dzi (Hela), James Theodore Bent (ƒe 3300–2000 D.M.Ŋ.) ye ƒo wo dometɔ geɖe nu ƒu.
• Ze gã aɖe si le etɔxɛ si woyɔna be askos tso Paestum, Italy ƒe dzigbe (ƒe 2800–2400 D.M.Ŋ.).
• Gadɔwɔnu siwo wotsɔ wɔa atikpakpɛ siwo wokpɔ le Naxos ƒukpo dzi, Greece (ƒe 2700–2200 D.M.Ŋ.) ƒe ƒuƒoƒo.
• Zemela kernos eve (ze ƒomevi bubu) tso Phylakopi le Melos, Greece (ƒe 2300–2000 D.M.Ŋ.).
• Nusiwo tso Knossos Fiasã me, siwo dome ze gã aɖe si me wodzraa zewo ɖo hã le. Aƒetɔ Arthur Evans si tso Crete, Greece (ƒe 1900–1100 D.M.Ŋ.) ye tsɔ wo dometɔ aɖewo na.
• Sikakesinɔnu si tso Minotɔwo ƒe dekɔnuwo me si wokpɔ le Aegina, Aegea ƒe dziehe, Greece (ƒe 1850–1550 D.M.Ŋ.).
• Nusiwo tso Psychro Do si le Kreta, siwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye kpekplɔ̃ eve siwo anɔ eme be wozãna tsɔ kɔa vɔsawo (ƒe 1700–1450 D.M.Ŋ.).

• Nyitsu-titila (ame aɖe si le titim ɖe nyitsu dzi) ƒe akɔbli legba si tso Rethymnon, Crete (ƒe 1600–1450 D.M.Ŋ.).
• Sɔtiwo kple aɖakaʋuwo ƒe akpa aɖewo tso Atreus ƒe Gadzraɖoƒe si le Peloponnese, Greece (ƒe 1350–1250 D.M.Ŋ.).
• Fefewɔƒe aɖe si wotsɔ nyiɖu wɔ si ŋu woke ɖo le Enkomi, Cyprus (ƒe alafa 12 lia D.M.Ŋ.).
• Akɔblinuwo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo tso Nuragic dekɔnuwo me si wokpɔ le Santa Maria le Paulis, Cagliari, Sardinia (ƒe 1100–900 D.M.Ŋ.).
• Zemegba aɖe si woɖo atsyɔ̃ na ŋutɔ si woyɔna be Elgin Amphora, si nutala xɔŋkɔ aɖe si woyɔna be Dipylon Master wɔ, si tso Athens, Greece (ƒe alafa 8 lia D.M.Ŋ.).
• Nusiwo wotsɔ sa vɔ na mawuwo le Artemis Orthia ƒe Kɔkɔeƒe si le Sparta (ƒe alafa 8 lia D.M.Ŋ.).

Etruscantɔwo (ƒe alafa 8 lia D.M.Ŋ. – ƒe alafa 1 lia D.M.Ŋ.)

• Akpa sia ƒo nu tso nusiwo tso Etruscantɔwo ƒe dekɔnu si nɔ ŋgɔ yim le blema Italy la me ŋu.
• Sika ƒe atsyɔ̃ɖonuwo kple nu xɔasi bubuwo tso Castellani kple Galeassi Yɔdo siwo le Palestrina, titina Italy (ƒe alafa 8 lia–6 lia D.M.Ŋ.).
• Sika ƒe dedienɔnɔ ƒe ʋuƒo (fibula) dzeani aɖe si me woɖe lã siwo tso Bernardini Yɔdo me, Cerveteri (ƒe 675–650 D.M.Ŋ.) ƒe atsyã tsitotsito le.
• Nu vovovowo, siwo dome anyikpememe sue eve hã le, tso "zikpui atɔ̃awo ƒe Yɔdo" me le Cerveteri (ƒe 625–600 D.M.Ŋ.).
• Sikagba si wotsɔ kɔa vɔsawo tso Sant’Angelo Muxaro, Sicily (ƒe 600 D.M.Ŋ.).
• Emenyawo tso Isis yɔdo kple François yɔdo si le Vulci (ƒe 570–560 D.M.Ŋ.).
• Anyigba ƒe kpe gbadzɛ siwo wota (Boccanera Kpekpeawo) tso yɔdo aɖe me le Cerveteri (ƒe 560–550 D.M.Ŋ.).
• Klosalokpe siwo woɖo atsyɔ̃ na tso Castel San Marino, si te ɖe Perugia ŋu (ƒe 540–520 D.M.Ŋ.).
• Akɔbli legba sue aɖe si wotsɔ sa vɔe na mawu aɖe si tso Pizzidimonte, si te ɖe Prato ŋu, Italy (ƒe 500–480 D.M.Ŋ.).
• Akɔbli gakuku si dzi woŋlɔ nu ɖo si ƒo nu tso Cumae-ʋaa ŋu, si ŋu woke ɖo le Olympia, Greece (ƒe 480 D.M.Ŋ.).
• Akɔbli legba siwo wotsɔ sa vɔe na mawuwo tso Trɔ̃wo ƒe Ta, Monte Falterona (ƒe 420–400 D.M.Ŋ.).
• Akɔbli ƒe nunonoze siwo woɖe tso Larth Metie ƒe yɔdo me, Bolsena, Italy (ƒe 400–300 D.M.Ŋ.) ƒe akpa aɖe.
• Sika togɛ dzeani aɖe si ŋu nyɔnu ƒe ta le, si nye togɛ eve siwo tso Perugia (ƒe 300–200 D.M.Ŋ.) tɔ.
• Oscantɔwo ƒe Kpekpe, si nye kpe vevi aɖe ŋutɔ si dzi woŋlɔ nu ɖo le Oscangbe me (ƒe 300–100 D.M.Ŋ.).
• Sika ƒe atsyɔ̃ɖonuwo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo tso Sant’Eufemia Lamezia, Italy ƒe dzigbe (ƒe 340–330 D.M.Ŋ.).
• Akɔbli ƒe nɔnɔmetata aɖe si tso Latian nutoa me si wokpɔ le Diana ƒe Kɔkɔeƒe, Nemi Ta, Latium (ƒe 200–100 D.M.Ŋ.).
• Seianti Hanunia Tlesnasa ƒe Aɖaka (kpeɖaka) si tso Chiusi (ƒe 150–140 D.M.Ŋ.).

Blema Hela (ƒe alafa 8 lia D.M.Ŋ. – ƒe alafa 4 lia M.Ŋ.)

• Akpa sia yɔ nusiwo le blema Hela ƒe blemaɣeyiɣiwo me.
• Sika ƒe atsyɔ̃ɖonu siwo ŋu Ɣedzeƒetɔwo ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo le tso Camirus yɔdo si le Rhodes (ƒe 700–600 D.M.Ŋ.).
• Afɔ ɖeka tso Apollo ƒe kpememe gã aɖe si tso Delos (ƒe 600–500 D.M.Ŋ.) gbɔ.
• Blema kpememe siwo lolo abe agbe ene siwo woɖe tso Mɔ Kɔkɔe si le Didyma, Turkey ƒe ɣetoɖoƒe (ƒe 600–580 D.M.Ŋ.).
• Sɔdola kple sɔ si tso Armento, Italy ƒe dzigbe (ƒe 550 D.M.Ŋ.) ƒe akɔblikpememe.
• Akɔbli ƒe fía ƒe ta tso San Sosti, Italy ƒe dzigbe (ƒe 520 D.M.Ŋ.).
• Ðekakpui aɖe si le tsitre amama si tso Marion, Cyprus (ƒe 520–510 D.M.Ŋ.) ƒe kpememe.
• Aɖaka gã aɖe si wotsɔ anyi wɔ kple nutsyɔnu si dzi wota nukpɔkpɔ siwo tso Klazomenai, Turkey ƒe ɣetoɖoƒe (ƒe 510–480 D.M.Ŋ.).
• Akɔblikpe eve siwo dzi woŋlɔ nu ɖo le Locrian Helagbe me tso Galaxidi, titina Hela (ƒe 500–475 D.M.Ŋ.).
• Akɔtatakpɔnu (mitra) si wotsɔ akɔbli wɔ si dzi woŋlɔ blema Kretatɔwo ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔ si ƒo nu tso Spensithios ƒe Sededea ŋu le, si tso Lyttos-Afrati nuto me le Kreta (anɔ ƒe 500 D.M.Ŋ.).
• Sɔ kple sɔdola ƒe akɔbli legba gã aɖe si woyɔna be Taranto Sɔdola, si tso Italy ƒe dzigbe (ƒe 480–460 D.M.Ŋ.) ƒe akpa aɖewo.
• Chatsworth Apollo Ta si tso Tamassos, Cyprus (ƒe 460 D.M.Ŋ.).
• Nyitsu aɖe si mlɔ anyi ƒe nɔnɔmetata si woɖe tso Dipylon Tsiẽƒe, Athens (ƒe alafa 4 lia D.M.Ŋ.).
• Sika ƒe atsyɔ̃ɖonuwo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo tso Avola, Sicily (ƒe 370–300 D.M.Ŋ.).
• Nuŋɔŋlɔ aɖe si Alexander Gãtɔ ɖe adzɔgbe tso Priene le Turkey (ƒe 330 D.M.Ŋ.).
• Ta aɖe tso Asclepius ƒe kpememe gã si tso Milos, Greece (ƒe 325–300 D.M.Ŋ.).
• Braganza Brooch, si nye sika dedienɔƒe si wotsɔ ɖo atsyɔ̃ na si ɖe Celttɔwo kple Helatɔwo ƒe atsyãwo siaa fia (ƒe alafa 3 lia D.M.Ŋ.).
• Klosalovɔsagowo (patera) siwo woƒo ƒu tso Èze, France ƒe dzigbeɣedzeƒe (ƒe alafa 3 lia D.M.Ŋ.).
• Sikakpe aɖe si woɖe tso mawusubɔsubɔ ƒe teƒe aɖe si do ƒome kple Orphic subɔsubɔha si le Italy ƒe dzigbe (ƒe alafa 3 lia–2 liaries D.M.Ŋ.).
• Marble-kpa aɖe si ɖe Homer va zu mawu tso Bovillae, titina Italy (ƒe 221–205 D.M.Ŋ.).
• Helatɔ hakpanyaŋlɔla aɖe si woyɔna be Arundel Ta, le Turkey ƒe ɣetoɖoƒe gome (ƒe alafa 2 lia–1 lia D.M.Ŋ.) ƒe akɔblikpememe.
• Scylla ŋkuɖodzikpe si le Bargylia, Anatolia ƒe dzigbeɣetoɖoƒe, Turkey (ƒe 200–150 D.M.Ŋ.) ƒe akpa aɖewo.
• Akɔbli ta kple asi si woɖe tso Aphrodite ƒe kpememe aɖe si tso Satala (ƒe alafa 1 lia D.M.Ŋ.).
• Akɔbli ƒe kpememe sue siwo tso Paramythia (ƒe alafa 2 lia M.Ŋ.).
• Europa ƒe kpememe gã aɖe si bɔbɔ nɔ nyitsu ƒe akɔta tso fefewɔƒe si le Gortyna, Crete (ƒe 100 D.M.Ŋ.).

Blema Roma (ƒe alafa 1 lia D.M.Ŋ. – ƒe alafa 4 lia M.Ŋ.)

• Nu siwo tso Roma Fiaɖuƒe sẽŋua me la le akpa sia.
• Kpekpe eve siwo wokpa le dzogoe ene me siwo ɖe Livia fia abe Diana ene eye Octavian nye Mercury (Rome, 30–25 D.M.Ŋ.).
• Guildford Puteal, si nye vudo aɖe si wokpa tso Korinto, Hela (30–10 D.M.Ŋ.).
• Fiagã Augusto ƒe akɔbli ta tso Meroë le Sudan (ƒe 27–25 D.M.Ŋ.).
• Portland Vase, si nye ahuhɔ̃ego xɔŋkɔtɔ kekeake si wotsɔ tso blema Roma, si wotsɔ cameo glass wɔ (1–25 M.Ŋ.).
• Klosalo Warren Kplu, si nye klosalo kplu si me vidzinu ɖeka tɔgbe tɔwo ƒe lɔlɔ̃ ƒe nukpɔkpɔwo le, si wokpɔ le Yerusalem gbɔ (5–15 M.Ŋ.).
• Gladius si tso Mainz (Romatɔwo ƒe yi ƒomevi aɖe) kple Blacas Cameo, si ɖe Roma fiagãwo fia le aʋadziɖuɖu me (ƒe 15 M.Ŋ.).
• Sɔwo ƒe atsyɔ̃ɖoɖo siwo wotsɔ akɔbli si wotsɔ klosalo wɔe tso Xanten, Germany (ƒe alafa 1 lia M.Ŋ.).
• Fluoride kplu eve siwo wokpa siwo woyɔna be Barber Cup kple Crawford Cup (ƒe 100 M.Ŋ.).
• Kamedefefewɔla ƒe kpememe, "Vaison Diadumenos," si tso blema Roma du aɖe me le France ƒe dzigbe (ƒe 118–138 M.Ŋ.).
• Klosalokpe siwo wotsɔ sa vɔe na Romatɔwo ƒe Mawu Jupiter Dolichenus, si wokpɔ le Heddernheim, si te ɖe Frankfurt ŋu, Germany (ƒe alafa 1 lia–2 lia M.Ŋ.).
• Discus-ƒula ƒe kpememe kple Hypnos ƒe akɔbli ta si tso Civitella d’Arna, Italy (ƒe alafa 1 lia–2 lia M.Ŋ.).
• Ati ƒe tasiaɖamfɔ gã aɖe si wozãna tsɔ ɖea tsi le akɔblikuƒe aɖe le Huelva, Spain ƒe dzigbe (ƒe alafa 1 lia–2 lia M.Ŋ.) ƒe akpa aɖe.
• Sɔti aɖewo (fiaduwo) tame tso Pantheon, Roma (ƒe 126 M.Ŋ.).
• Faustina Tsitsitɔ, si nye Fiagã Antoninus Pius srɔ̃, si tso Sardis, Turkey ƒe ɣetoɖoƒe (ƒe 140 M.Ŋ.) ƒe ta gã aɖe si wotsɔ kpe xɔasi si nye marble wɔ.
• Fiazikpui si wotsɔ kpe xɔasi si nye marble wɔ tso Panathenaic Stadium, Athens (ƒe 140–143 M.Ŋ.) ƒe zikpui dzi.
• Atsyɔ̃ɖonuwo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo tso yɔdo aɖe si te ɖe Miletopolis ŋu, Turkey (ƒe 175–180 M.Ŋ.).
• Marble-kpe si dzi woŋlɔ nu ɖo si nye Roma Dudɔnunɔla Tiberius Claudius Candidus tɔ, si ŋu woke ɖo le Tarragona, Spain (ƒe 195–199 M.Ŋ.).
• Jennings Avũ, si nye dzɔla avu ƒomevi aɖe si woyɔna be Molossian ƒe kpememe, si tso titina Italy (ƒe alafa 2 lia M.Ŋ.).
• Marble-gbadzɛ aɖe si woɖo atsyɔ̃ na ƒe akpa aɖe tso Colosseum, Rome, Italy (ƒe alafa 2 lia M.Ŋ.).
• Nuŋɔŋlɔ aɖe si ƒo nu tso nutoa me dziɖuɖumegãwo (politarch) ŋu tso Vardar Agbo nu, Thessaloniki, Greece (ƒe alafa 2 lia M.Ŋ.).
• Roma sɔdolawo ƒe atsyã ƒe ametakpɔnu eve siwo wotsɔ akɔbli wɔ tso Nola, Italy, kple Gaziantep, Turkey (ƒe alafa 2 lia M.Ŋ.).
• Akɔblikpe aɖe si wotsɔ ɖe adzɔgbe na Sextus Pompeius Maximus tso Mithraeum (gbedoxɔ aɖe) aɖe me le Ostia, Italy (ƒe 200 M.Ŋ.).
• Klosalo kesinɔnu vovovo siwo wokpɔ le teƒewo abe Arcisate, Beaurains, Boscoreale, Bursa, Chaourse, Caubiac, Chatuzange, Conimbriga, Mâcon, kple Revel-Tourdan (ƒe alafa 1 lia–3 lia M.Ŋ.).
• Kpememe aɖe si wotsɔ sa vɔe na Apollo tso Cyrene, Libya (ƒe alafa 2 lia M.Ŋ.).
• Uerdingen Hoard, si nye nusiwo woƒo ƒu si wokpɔ le teƒe si gogo Düsseldorf le Germany (ƒe alafa 2 lia–3 lia M.Ŋ.).

Xɔtuɖaŋuwo, kpememewo, kple nusiwo woŋlɔ ɖe blema teƒe bubu geɖe siwo le blema xexeame godoo, abe Amathus, Atripalda, Aphrodisias, Delos, Iasos, Idalion, Lindus, Kalymnos, Kerch, Rhamnous, Salamis, Sestos, Sounion, Tomis, kple Thessaloniki ene hã le nudzraɖoƒea.