Atlantic Slave Trade (Atlantik kluvisitsatsa)

Atlantik-ƒua dzi kluvisitsatsa alo Atlantik-ƒua dzi kluvisitsatsa bia be kluvisitsalawo tsɔa Afrikatɔ siwo wowɔ kluviwoe yia Amerika-nyigbawo dzi. Europa kluviwo ƒe meliwo zãa asitsamɔ si le dzogoe etɔ̃ me kple eƒe Titinamɔa edziedzi. Europatɔwo ɖo ƒuta kluvisitsatsa anyi le ƒe alafa 15 lia me, eye asitsatsa yi Amerika dze egɔme le ƒe alafa 16 lia me, eye wònɔ anyi vaseɖe ƒe alafa 19 lia me.^[1] Amesiwo wotsɔ yi Atlantik-ƒua dzi kluvisitsatsa me ƒe akpa gãtɔ tso Titina Afrika kple Ɣetoɖoƒe Afrika eye Ɣetoɖoƒe Afrika kluvisitsalawo dzra wo na Europa kluvisitsalawo,^[2]^[3] esime kluvisitsalawo lé bubuwo tẽ le ƒutatɔwo ƒe amedzidzedzewo me.^[4]^[5] Europa kluvisitsalawo ƒoa kluviwo nu ƒu hedea gaxɔ me le mɔ̃ sesẽ siwo le Afrika ƒuta eye emegbe wokplɔa wo va Amerika.^[6]^[7] Portugaltɔwo kple Europatɔ aɖewo kpɔ gome le kluviwo dzi dzedze me. Abe alesi Dukɔa ƒe Blemanudzraɖoƒewo Liverpool ɖe eme ene la: "Europa asitsala aɖewo lé Afrikatɔ aɖewo le amedzidzedzewo me le ƒuta, gake woƒle wo dometɔ akpa gãtɔ tso nutoa me Afrika alo Afrika-Europa asitsalawo gbɔ."^[8] Zi geɖe la, Europa kluvisitsalawo mekpɔa gome le kluviwo dzi dzedze me o. Esia nye esi Europatɔwo ƒe agbenɔƒe didi le Afrika ƒe anyiehe Sahara mede ƒe ɖeka le kluvisitsatsa ƒe ɣeyiɣia me o le asrã si bɔ ɖe Afrika-nyigbagã dzi ta.^[9] Portugaltɔwo ƒe ƒutadzidzelawo kpɔe be kluviwo dzi dzedze xɔa ga geɖe akpa eye zi geɖe la, mewɔa dɔ o eye wotia asitsatsa ƒe kadodo siwo woɖo anyi.^[10]

South Atlantik kple Caribbean-dukɔwo ƒe ganyawo nɔ te ɖe kluviwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ dzi vevietɔ hena sukli kple nu bubuwo wɔwɔ.^[11]^[12]Esia nye nu vevi aɖe le Ɣetoɖoƒe Europa dukɔ mawo siwo nɔ ho ʋlim kple wo nɔewo be yewoawɔ ƒukpowo dzi fiaɖuƒewo la ta.^[13]^[14] Portugaltɔwo, le ƒe alafa 16 lia me, ye nye ame gbãtɔ siwo tsɔ kluviwo yi Atlantik-ƒua dzi. Le ƒe 1526 me la, wowu Atlantik-ƒua dzi kluviwo ƒe mɔzɔzɔ gbãtɔ nu yi Brazil. Eteƒe medidi o Europatɔ bubuwo hã kplɔe ɖo.^[15] Tɔdziʋutɔawo bu kluviawo be wonye agbawo be woatsɔ ayi Amerika-dukɔwo me kabakaba kple asi bɔbɔe alesi woate ŋui,^[13]afimae woadzra be woatsɔ awɔ dɔ le kɔfi, atama, kokoo, sukli, kple kotoklobo agblewo, sika kple klosalo tomenukuƒewo, bligblewo, xɔtudɔwɔƒewo, atiwo ɖeɖe na meliwo, abe dɔ siwo me aɖaŋu le ene, kple wo me.^[16] Wobu Afrikatɔ gbãtɔ siwo wowɔ kluviwoe siwo woɖo ɖe Eŋlisiawo ƒe anyigba siwo dzi woɖu la be wonye dɔla siwo wotsɔ de asi na amewo, eye woƒe nɔnɔme sɔ kple dɔwɔla siwo le nubabla me siwo tso Britain kple Ireland tɔ le se nu. Kaka ƒe alafa 17 lia ƒe domedome naɖo la, kluvinyenye sesẽ abe ameƒomevinyenye ƒe hatsotso ene, eye Afrikatɔwo ƒe kluviwo kple woƒe dzidzimevi siwo ava nye woƒe aƒetɔwo le se nu le se nu, elabena ɖevi siwo wodzi na kluvi dadawo hã nye kluviwo (Partus Sequitur Ventrem). Abe nunɔamesiwo ene la, wobua ameawo be wonye adzɔnuwo alo dɔwɔlawo ƒe akpawo, eye wodzra wo le asiwo me kple adzɔnuwo kple dɔwɔna bubuwo.^[17]

Dukɔ vevi siwo le Atlantik-ƒua dzi kluviwo ƒe asitsatsa me, le asitsatsa ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ nu, enye Portugal, Britain, Spain, France, Netherlands, United States, kple Denmark. Ame geɖe ɖo aʋawɔƒe siwo le Afrika ƒuta, afisi woƒle kluviwo tso Afrika kplɔla siwo le nutoa me gbɔ le.^[18] Nu aɖe si woɖo ɖe ƒuta alo te ɖe eŋu lae kpɔa kluvi siawo dzi be woawɔ kluviwo ɖoɖo ɖe xexe yeyea me kabakaba. Wode kluviwo gaxɔ me le asitsaƒe siwo woyɔna be dɔwɔƒewo esime wonɔ lalam be woaɖo wo ɖe yewo. Wobu akɔnta fifia be woɖo Afrikatɔ siwo ade miliɔn 12 va ɖo 12.8 ɖe Atlantik-ƒua dzi le ƒe 400 me.^[19]^[20]

References

[1] ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press

[2] ttps://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/23/opinion/23gates.html

[3] ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#CITEREFThornton1998

[4] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20200716004107/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zy7fr82/revision/3

[5] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20221215214335/https://www.nps.gov/ethnography/aah/aaheritage/histContextsB.htm

[6] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20200717094706/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxt3gk7/revision/7

[7] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20201126155135/https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/history-of-slavery/west-africa

[8] ttps://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/history-of-slavery/west-africa

[9] ttps://www.jstor.org/stable/181856

[10] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20240627115650/https://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/africanpassageslowcountryadapt/introductionatlanticworld/trans_atlantic_slave_trade

[11] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20240625094400/http://natt.gov.tt/sites/default/files/pdfs/The-Rise-and-Fall-of-King-Sugar.pdf

[12] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20240127075115/https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/archaeologyofslavery/sugar-plantations

[:0-13] 1 2 https://archive.org/details/blackcargoeshist00mann

[14] ttps://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/slav/hd_slav.htm

[15] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20150607030319/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/06/150605-shipwreck-slave-trade-south-africa-18th-century-brazil/

[16] ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#cite_ref-Covey-Eisnach_2009_16-0

[17] "Archive copy". Archived from the original on 2024-01-17. Retrieved 2025-07-10.

[18] ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#cite_ref-18

[19] ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_African_History

[20] ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#CITEREFMeredith2014

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